Pathways

Progesterone is a hormone naturally occurring in females. This molecule is essential for endometrial receptivity, embryo implantation, and the successful establishment of pregnancy. It is used as an oral drug as a contraceptive to prevent ovulation and fertilization in certain formulations, as well as a promoter/supporter of pregnancy in other formulations. Pharmaceutical progesterone is made from a plant source as a starting material and is chemically identical to progesterone of human ovarian origin. Progesterone binds its receptor (located both on the membrane and in the cytosol) which activates a signaling pathway resulting in a lower release of GnRH by the hypothalamus. The lower concentration of GnRH results in the transcription of less LH and FSH hormones by the pituitary gland. The overall effect is that the ovaries can't release an egg (no ovulation) and the cervical mucus thicken to be unfavorable for sperm penetration. This drug is administered as an oral tablet/capsule for contraception and as a vaginal gel/insert to maintain the pregnancy.

Progesterone is an endogenous steroid hormone that is commonly produced by the adrenal cortex as well as the gonads, which consist of the ovaries and the testes. Progesterone is also secreted by the ovarian corpus luteum during the first ten weeks of pregnancy, followed by the placenta in the later phase of pregnancy. The conversion of progesterone generation from the corpus luteum to the placenta generally occurs after week ten. The molecule progesterone is a derivative of cholesterol and has numerous functions in the human body, especially within the reproductive system. Molecules of progesterone form from the process of steroidogenesis. Progesterone plays a vital role in the maintenance of the uterus during pregnancy. A progestogen (also called progestagen, gestagen, or gestogen) is a molecule, either natural or synthetic, that shows similar effects as progesterone, binds to the progesterone receptor and acts as an agonist. Progestins are synthetic progestogens. Progesterone utilizes intracellular receptors for their mode of action. Progesterone crosses the membrane of a target cell readily by passive diffusion through the plasma membrane due to its lipophilicity and then binds to and activate progesterone receptors. When unbound, the progesterone receptor exists as a monomer. After binding progesterone, the receptor undergoes a conformational change and becomes a dimer, which increases receptor binding to DNA. Most progestins exert their contraceptive effects by suppressing the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus and luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland. This suppression alters the menstrual cycle to suppress ovulation. This progesterone and receptor complex then transports to the nucleus and binds to DNA, specifically near the promoter regions of genes that contain enhancers, containing hormone response elements. This binding of the complex to the promoter can either enhance or repress transcription, which ultimately alters the production of proteins.

Progesterone is an endogenous steroid hormone that is commonly produced by the adrenal cortex as well as the gonads, which consist of the ovaries and the testes. Progesterone is also secreted by the ovarian corpus luteum during the first ten weeks of pregnancy, followed by the placenta in the later phase of pregnancy. The conversion of progesterone generation from the corpus luteum to the placenta generally occurs after week ten. The molecule progesterone is a derivative of cholesterol and has numerous functions in the human body, especially within the reproductive system. Molecules of progesterone form from the process of steroidogenesis. Progesterone plays a vital role in the maintenance of the uterus during pregnancy. A progestogen (also called progestagen, gestagen, or gestogen) is a molecule, either natural or synthetic, that shows similar effects as progesterone, binds to the progesterone receptor and acts as an agonist. Progestins are synthetic progestogens. Progesterone utilizes intracellular receptors for their mode of action. Progesterone crosses the membrane of a target cell readily by passive diffusion through the plasma membrane due to its lipophilicity and then binds to and activate progesterone receptors. When unbound, the progesterone receptor exists as a monomer. After binding progesterone, the receptor undergoes a conformational change and becomes a dimer, which increases receptor binding to DNA. Most progestins exert their contraceptive effects by suppressing the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus and luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland. This suppression alters the menstrual cycle to suppress ovulation. This progesterone and receptor complex then transports to the nucleus and binds to DNA, specifically near the promoter regions of genes that contain enhancers, containing hormone response elements. This binding of the complex to the promoter can either enhance or repress transcription, which ultimately alters the production of proteins.

Progesterone is an endogenous steroid hormone that is commonly produced by the adrenal cortex as well as the gonads, which consist of the ovaries and the testes. Progesterone is also secreted by the ovarian corpus luteum during the first ten weeks of pregnancy, followed by the placenta in the later phase of pregnancy. The conversion of progesterone generation from the corpus luteum to the placenta generally occurs after week ten. The molecule progesterone is a derivative of cholesterol and has numerous functions in the human body, especially within the reproductive system. Molecules of progesterone form from the process of steroidogenesis. Progesterone plays a vital role in the maintenance of the uterus during pregnancy. A progestogen (also called progestagen, gestagen, or gestogen) is a molecule, either natural or synthetic, that shows similar effects as progesterone, binds to the progesterone receptor and acts as an agonist. Progestins are synthetic progestogens. Progesterone utilizes intracellular receptors for their mode of action. Progesterone crosses the membrane of a target cell readily by passive diffusion through the plasma membrane due to its lipophilicity and then binds to and activate progesterone receptors. When unbound, the progesterone receptor exists as a monomer. After binding progesterone, the receptor undergoes a conformational change and becomes a dimer, which increases receptor binding to DNA. Most progestins exert their contraceptive effects by suppressing the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus and luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland. This suppression alters the menstrual cycle to suppress ovulation. This progesterone and receptor complex then transports to the nucleus and binds to DNA, specifically near the promoter regions of genes that contain enhancers, containing hormone response elements. This binding of the complex to the promoter can either enhance or repress transcription, which ultimately alters the production of proteins.

(-)-camphor biosynthesis occurs in the species Tanactum vulgare, or the tansy.

Gadoversetamide is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Gadoversetamide passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney.

1,2-Benzodiazepine is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. 1,2-Benzodiazepine passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney.