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Pathway Description
Butyrate Metabolism
Homo sapiens
Metabolic Pathway
Butyrate metabolism (Butanoate metabolism) describes the metabolic fate of a number of short chain fatty acids or short chain alcohols that are typically produced by intestinal fermentation. Many of these molecules are eventually used in the production of ketone bodies, the creation of short-chain lipids or as precursors to the citrate cycle, glycolysis or glutamate synthesis. The molecule for which this pathway is named, butyric acid, is a four-carbon fatty acid that is formed in the human colon by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates (including dietary fiber). It is found in rancid butter, parmesan cheese, and vomit, and has an unpleasant odor and acrid taste, with a sweet aftertaste (similar to ether).
References
Butyrate Metabolism References
Lehninger, A.L. Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th ed.) (2005). New York: W.H Freeman.
Salway, J.G. Metabolism at a glance (3rd ed.) (2004). Alden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub.
Stilling RM, van de Wouw M, Clarke G, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF: The neuropharmacology of butyrate: The bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis? Neurochem Int. 2016 Oct;99:110-132. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.06.011. Epub 2016 Jun 23.
Pubmed: 27346602
Louis P, Flint HJ: Diversity, metabolism and microbial ecology of butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009 May;294(1):1-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01514.x. Epub 2009 Feb 13.
Pubmed: 19222573
Macfarlane S, Macfarlane GT: Regulation of short-chain fatty acid production. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003 Feb;62(1):67-72. doi: 10.1079/PNS2002207.
Pubmed: 12740060
Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT: Role of intestinal bacteria in nutrient metabolism. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1997 Nov-Dec;21(6):357-65. doi: 10.1177/0148607197021006357.
Pubmed: 9406136
Vital M, Howe AC, Tiedje JM: Revealing the bacterial butyrate synthesis pathways by analyzing (meta)genomic data. MBio. 2014 Apr 22;5(2):e00889. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00889-14.
Pubmed: 24757212
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