Phenylacetic acid is carboxylic acid ester that has also been found to be a uremic toxin that is synthesized from L-phenylalanine. L-Phenylalanine is consumed through high protein foods such as eggs, chicken, liver, beef, milk, and soybeans. In the intestine L-phenylalanine is converted into 2-phenylethylamine by the enzyme Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase. 2-Phenylethylamine then is transported into the periplasm of intestinal bacteria such as E. Coli strain K12 through an unknown transporter. In the periplasm of the E. coli, 2-phenylethylamine is catalyzed by the enzyme primary amine oxidase to synthesize phenylacetaldehyde. Phenylacetaldehyde is transported into the cytosol of the E. coli bacteria where it is catalyzed by the enzyme phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase to synthesize phenylacetic acid. Phenylacetic acid is transported out of the bacteria, back into the intestine by an unknown transporter. Phenylacetic acid is then transported into the blood where it has various effects on the human body. It reduces nitric oxide production and reduces protection against inflammation in vessel walls. It also leads to the production of reactive oxygen species. It also contribute to inflammation by priming polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenylacetic Acid References