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The TGF beta signaling pathway plays a role in regulating various cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, and immune responses. It is initiated when TGF beta activates the TGF beta receptor, triggering a cascade of signaling events. This receptor activation leads to the activation of PI3K, which in turn activates the Akt complex. The Akt complex further activates Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR, a key regulator of cell growth and metabolism. mTOR then activates Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1, involved in protein synthesis. Additionally, TGF-beta receptor type-1 activates the GRB2-SOS-IRS-SHC complex, which stimulates Ras-related protein Ral-A, leading to the activation of the RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase without zinc. The signaling also involves the activation of TRAF4/6, which in turn activates the TRAF6-TAK1 complex. This complex activates MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (MKNK1), which subsequently activates JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase). JNK then activates ATF-2 and Jun, important transcription factors. Moreover, MKNK1 also activates Proto-oncogene c-Fos, a key transcription factor involved in cellular responses. Another branch of the pathway involves the activation of Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoC, which activates Rho-associated protein kinase 1. This kinase activates the Cofilin-actin-CAP1 complex, involved in cytoskeletal dynamics. Regarding cellular transport, Proto-oncogene c-Fos is translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus, where it regulates gene expression. These interactions collectively contribute to the modulation of cell behavior, including cell cycle progression, migration, and differentiation.

TGF beta Signaling References