PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW128439 View Pathway	drug action Amobarbital Action Pathway Homo sapiens Amobarbital, a derivative of barbiturate, finds application in inducing sedation during medical procedures, short-term management of insomnia, and acute control of refractory tonic-clonic seizures. As a barbiturate possessing hypnotic and sedative attributes (though not antianxiety effects), its adverse reactions primarily stem from dose-related central nervous system depression, and there exists a substantial risk of dependence with prolonged use. Amobarbital, similar to all barbiturates, functions through binding to the GABAA receptor at either the alpha or beta subunit. These binding sites are distinct from GABA itself and also separate from the benzodiazepine binding site. Comparable to benzodiazepines, barbiturates enhance GABA's impact at this receptor. This interaction with the GABAA receptor reduces input resistance, suppresses burst and tonic firing, particularly in ventrobasal and intralaminar neurons. Concurrently, it extends burst duration and the average conductance at individual chloride channels, ultimately raising both the amplitude and decay time of inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Beyond their GABAergic effect, barbiturates also hinder the AMPA receptor, a subtype of the glutamate receptor. Notably, glutamate serves as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Additionally, Amobarbital seems to bind to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Dorsa Yahya Rayat Created On: August 28, 2023 at 21:09 Last Updated: August 28, 2023 at 21:09
PW145391 View Pathway	drug action Amobarbital Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 15:44 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 15:44
PW176511 View Pathway	metabolic Amobarbital Predicted Metabolism Pathway Homo sapiens Metabolites of Amobarbital are predicted with biotransformer. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: December 13, 2023 at 13:22 Last Updated: December 13, 2023 at 13:22
PW127424 View Pathway	drug action Amodiaquine Action Pathway Homo sapiens Amodiaquine, a 4-aminoquinoline similar to chloroquine in structure and activity, is an antimalarial drug. It has also been used as an anti-inflammatory agent. Amodiaquine is at least as effective as chloroquine, and is effective against some chloroquine-resistant strains, although resistance to amodiaquine has been reported. 4-Aminoquinolines depress cardiac muscle, impair cardiac conductivity, and produce vasodilatation with resultant hypotension. They depress respiration and cause diplopia, dizziness and nausea. The mechanism of action of Amodiaquine is not certain, but like other quinoline derivatives, it is thought to inhibit heme polymerase activity. This results in the accumulation of free heme, which is toxic to the parasite. The drug binds to the heme which prevents the parasite from converting it to a less toxic form. This complex is toxic and disrupts membrane function. This eventually causes parasite death. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: January 26, 2023 at 15:01 Last Updated: January 26, 2023 at 15:01
PW144729 View Pathway	drug action Amodiaquine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 14:18 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 14:18
PW176320 View Pathway	metabolic Amodiaquine Predicted Metabolism Pathway Homo sapiens Metabolites of sildenafil are predicted with biotransformer. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: December 07, 2023 at 15:02 Last Updated: December 07, 2023 at 15:02
PW145942 View Pathway	drug action Amorolfine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 17:01 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 17:01
PW144661 View Pathway	drug action Amoxapine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 14:09 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 14:09
PW128101 View Pathway	drug action Amoxapine SSRI Action Pathway Homo sapiens Amoxapine is a second-generation tricyclic dibenzoxazepine antidepressant, chemically distinct from the dibenzodiazepines, dibenzocycloheptenes, and dibenzoxepines. It has a mild sedative component to its action. The mechanism of its clinical action in man is not well understood. In animals, amoxapine reduced the uptake of norepinephirine and serotonin and blocked the response of dopamine receptors to dopamine. Amoxapine is not a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Clinical studies have demonstrated that amoxapine has a more rapid onset of action than either amitriptyline or imipramine. Amoxapine acts by decreasing the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin (5-HT). BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: July 17, 2023 at 16:13 Last Updated: July 17, 2023 at 16:13
PW127465 View Pathway	drug action Amoxicillin Action Pathway Helicobacter pylori Amoxicillin is a penicillin derivative used for the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, in particular streptococcal bacteria causing upper respiratory tract infections. Amoxicillin alone is indicated to treat susceptible bacterial infections of the ear, nose, throat, genitourinary tract, skin, skin structure, and lower respiratory tract. Amoxicillin is given with calvulanic acid to treat acute bacterial sinusitis, community acquired pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infections, acute bacterial otitis media, skin and skin structure infections, and urinary tract infections. Amoxicillin is given with omeprazole in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Amoxicillin competitively inhibits penicillin-binding protein 1 and other high molecular weight penicillin binding proteins. Penicillin bind proteins are responsible for glycosyltransferase and transpeptidase reactions that lead to cross-linking of D-alanine and D-aspartic acid in bacterial cell walls. Without the action of penicillin binding proteins, bacteria upregulate autolytic enzymes and are unable to build and repair the cell wall, leading to bacteriocidal action. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Karxena Harford Created On: March 06, 2023 at 13:44 Last Updated: March 06, 2023 at 13:44