Pathways

Ciclopirox is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Ciclopirox passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney.

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La glucólisis es el primer paso en la degradación de la glucosa para extraer energía para el metabolismo celular. La glucólisis se compone de una fase que requiere energía, seguida de una fase que la libera.

Cidofovir is an injectable antiviral agent used to treat Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS. It was manufactured by Gilead and initially approved by the FDA in 1996, but has since been discontinued. Cidofovir acts through the selective inhibition of viral DNA polymerase. After incorporation into the host cell, cidofovir is phosphorylated by pyruvate kinases to the active metabolite cidofovir diphosphate. Cidofovir diphosphate inhibits herpesvirus polymerases at concentrations that are 8- to 600-fold lower than those needed to inhibit human cellular DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma(1,2,3). Incorporation of cidofovir into the growing viral DNA chain results in reductions in the rate of viral DNA synthesis. Less Viral DNA is transported into the nucleus, therefore, less viral DNA is integrated into the host DNA. Less viral proteins produced, fewer viruses can form.

Cilazapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme competitive inhibitor that binds to the same active site as angiotensin I. Cilazapril is a prodrug which is converted to its active form by the liver after being oral ingested, it then becomes its main metabolite Cilazaprilat. Cilazapril is used to treat hypertension and heart failure as it reduces the effects of angiotensin II which decreases resistance and blood pressure, as angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II is produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II acts on the kidneys, blood vessels, posterior pituitary gland and excitatory amino acid transporter via attaching to the Type-1 angiotensin II receptor. The kidney responds by increasing aldosterone secretion which is responsible for water and sodium uptake via the distal tubule and collecting duct. The posterior pituitary gland reacts by increasing vasopressin release, vasopressin acts on the collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption. Blood vessels react by vasoconstricting, and the excitatory amino acid transporter is inhibited and therefore does not take up L-glutamic acid into the astrocytes leaving them to interact with the NMDA receptors on the paraventricular nucleus neuron (PVN neuron) to elicit a thirst sensation, in order to encourage the body to drink more water. All of these effects together leads to increased blood pressure and resistance throughout the body which is detrimental to someone with hypertension or heart failure as it makes it more difficult for blood to circulate throughout the body. Cilazapril inhibits angiotensin II thus inhibiting its downstream effects as well, reducing aldosterone and vasopressin secretion, inhibiting vasoconstriction, and allowing the amino acid transporter to be activated. The amino acid transporter being activated means the astrocytes uptake L-glutamic acid, reducing its interaction with the PVN neuron and thus reduce thirst response. All of these in combination ultimately reduces blood pressure and resistance in the blood vessels, treating the patients for their increased blood pressure. Some adverse effects may include hypotension, hyperkalaemia, and hyponatraemia. This is due to the decreased blood pressure, decreased uptake of sodium and insufficient potassium excretion due to reduced aldosterone levels. Cilazapril is eliminated by the kidneys and excreted through urination.

Cilazapril (trade name: Dynorm, Inhibace, Vascace) belongs to the class of drugs known as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and is used primarily to lower high blood pressure (hypertension). This drug can also be used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and type II diabetes. Cilazapril is a prodrug which, following oral administration, undergoes biotransformation in vivo into its active form cilazaprilat via cleavage of its ester group by the liver. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a component of the body's renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) and cleaves inactive angiotensin I into the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. ACE (or kininase II) also degrades the potent vasodilator bradykinin. Consequently, ACE inhibitors decrease angiotensin II concentrations and increase bradykinin concentrations resulting in blood vessel dilation and thereby lowering blood pressure.