Pathways

Cycloserine is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Cycloserine passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney.

Cyclosporin A is a calcineurin inhibitor that is most often used as an immunosuppressive drug for organ transplant patients in order to reduce the activity of the immune system lowering the risk of organ rejection. Cyclosporin A is administered orally, intravenously or through a topical treatment which allows the drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream. Cyclosporin A enters T-cells through the ABC or SLC transporters like ABCB1 and works by forming a complex with FKBP12 with inhibits calcineurin with leads to reduced T cell signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. IL-2 is an important mediator for T-cell activation, differentiation and migration which is through mTOR signalling. Lower IL-2 production and signal transduction leads to less activated immune cells leading to a weaker immune system. Cyclosporin A also inhibits the transcription for genes encoding IL-3,4,5, GM-SCF, and TNF as well which are also involved in T cell activation. Organ transplant patients take Cyclosporin A after allogenic organ transplant for liver, kidney, heart, small bowel, pancreas, lung, trachea, skin, cornea and limb transplant.

Cyclothiazide (also known as Anhydron or Acquirel) is an organic compound that used for diuretic. It can inhibit the solute carrier family 12 member 3 (also known as sodium-chloride symporter) in the nephron to prevent water reabsorption. Solute carrier family 12 member 3 is also used for sodium reabsorption that count for 5% of total amount. Solute carrier family 12 member 3 transports chloride and sodium from lumen to epithelial cell, and sodium/potassium ATPases facilitate the export of sodium to basolateral interstitium to provide sodium gradient that will increase the osmolarity in interstitium, which lead to establishment of osmotic gradient for water reabsorption.

Cyclothiazide is an oral diuretic drug which acts in the kidney, specifically in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. Cyclothiazide is indicated as adjunctive therapy in edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and corticosteroid and estrogen therapy. It is also indicated in the management of hypertension either as the sole therapeutic agent or to enhance the effectiveness of other antihypertensive drugs in the more severe forms of hypertension. In the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), the regulation of ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and magnesium occur. In epithelial cells of the DCT, the basolateral membrane consists of the Na+/K+ ATPase, which pumps Na+ into the interstitium-blood area and K+ into the epithelial cell; the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, which pumps Na+ into the cell and Ca2+ into the interstitium-blood; and the chloride transporter which transports chloride into the interstitium-blood. The apical membrane contains a calcium channel which transports calcium from the lumen into the epithelial cell, a potassium channel which transports K+ out of the epithelial cell and a Na+/Cl- cotransporter which transports Na+ and Cl- into the epithelial cell. Cyclothiazide targets this Na+/Cl- cotransporter. Cyclothiazide is transported from the blood into the epithelial cells, then is transported into the urine through the multidrug resistant associated protein-4. In the lumen in has access to the Na+/Cl- transporter and inhibits it preventing Na+ reabsorption. The inhibition of Na+ reabsorption results in a low cytosolic concentration of Na+ and increases the solute concentration of the lumen. This decreases the lumen-epithelial cell concentration gradient and as a result, less water would be reabsorbed from the urine. This effect is valued in conditions such as hypertension because it allows more water to be excreted in urine rather than be absorbed in the blood where it increases blood volume. Side effects such as hypokalemia, hyponatremia, metabolic alkalosis, hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia and sulfonamide allergy are possible from taking thiazide diuretics and can occur from taking cyclothiazide.

Cyclothiazide is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Cyclothiazide passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney.

Cymene and Cumate degradation is a carbon and energy source. Cymene and cumate are typically derived from various environmental sources, e.g., petroleum products and enter the cell via diffusion due to their hydrophobic nature. Once inside the cell, cymene is oxidized by p-cymene methyl-monooxygenase, which introduces a hydroxyl group to the cymene molecule, converting it to 4-isopropylbenzyl alcohol. Further oxidation converts this intermediate to cumate. Cumate is further converted to cis-2,3-Dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate by p-cumate 2,3-dioxygenase. Subsequent enzymatic reactions convert cis-2,3-Dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate into Oxopent-4-enoate that is further converted to intermediates such as pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. These intermediates enter the citrate cycle and glycolysis.