PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW109252 View Pathway	protein Ras Signaling Pathway Bos taurus RAS signalling pathway is one of the main pathways to transduce intracellular signals in response to mitogens to controls cell growth, survival and anti-apoptotic programs. RAS proteins are GTP-binding proteins and must be bound to GTP to be active. Active RAS binds and activates effector enzymes that control cell proliferation, survival and other cell behaviours. RAS interacts directly with the catalytic subunit of PI3K to activate lipid kinases controlling the activity of downstream enzymes. Some of these kinases have anti-apoptotic activity, playing an important role in the survival signal of RAS. PI3K is also involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and transcription factor pathways. RAS also effects exchange factors causing inhibition of transcription factors from FoxO family, part of promoting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Normal function of these proteins require post-transcriptional modification. Pathway mutations in activation may result in human tumours. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: August 31, 2018 at 12:41 Last Updated: August 31, 2018 at 12:41
PW128313 View Pathway	drug action Rasagiline Action Pathway Homo sapiens Rasagiline is a propargylamine and an irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs). It is indicated in the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease as initial therapy or as adjunct therapy with levodopa. The monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of many amines like serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. There are 2 isoforms of this protein: A and B. The first one is found in cells located in the periphery and breakdown serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine. The second one, the B isoform, breakdowns phenylethylamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine. This isoform is found in the extracellular tissues and mostly in the brain. The mechanism of action of the MAOIs is still not determined, it is thought that they act by increasing free serotonin and norepinephrine concentrations and/or by altering the concentrations of other amines in the CNS. MAO-A inhibition is thought to be more relevant to antidepressant activity than the inhibition caused by MAO B. Selective MAO B inhibitors have no antidepressant effects. The selectivity of rasagiline for inhibiting only MAO-B results in more dopamine in the cytosol and synapse of the neurons in the striatum. The increased dopamine level thus increases the dopaminergic activity. This helps to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson's disease that are caused by low levels of dopamine in the striatum. An overdose of this drug will result in drowsiness, faintness, hyperactivity, hallucinations, respiratory depression, convulsions, and coma. This drug is administered as an oral tablet. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Daphnee Created On: August 17, 2023 at 15:48 Last Updated: August 17, 2023 at 15:48
PW145399 View Pathway	drug action Rasagiline Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 15:45 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 15:45
PW123865 View Pathway	signaling Rcs Escherichia coli BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Guest: Anonymous Created On: April 20, 2020 at 11:24 Last Updated: April 20, 2020 at 11:24
PW146421 View Pathway	drug action Rebamipide Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 18:09 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 18:09
PW176516 View Pathway	metabolic Rebamipide Predicted Metabolism Pathway Homo sapiens Metabolites of Rebamipide are predicted with biotransformer. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: December 13, 2023 at 13:29 Last Updated: December 13, 2023 at 13:29
PW144363 View Pathway	drug action Reboxetine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 13:28 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 13:28
PW126100 View Pathway	physiological Red Blood Cell Gas Exchange Homo sapiens The primary function of erythrocytes (red blood cells) is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through tiny blood vessels called capillaries. In the lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood, hemoglobin molecules release carbon dioxide picked up from body tissues. This allows oxygen to attach to the hemoglobin molecules and it can be carried to the rest of the body. Hemoglobin is a protein that makes blood red and carries oxygen throughout the circulation. The adult form of hemoglobin contains 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains. When CO2 is removed from tissues, a portion of it is dissolved in the plasma and converted to bicarbonate. A majority of the CO2 is taken up by the RBCs and follows one of three transport pathways. 1. The CO2 is dissolved into the RBC cytoplasm. 2. CO2 is converted, by carbonic anhydrase, into bicarbonate which is exchanged at the cell membrane for a chloride ion (involved in the Chloride shift). This bicarbonate removal increases CO2 uptake into the cell. 3. CO2 is carried by carbaminohemoglobin which can be transported to the lung for removal. After offloading of oxygen into tissues, hemoglobin has an increased affinity for carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions (Haldane effect). BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ashley Zubkowski Created On: June 18, 2021 at 11:47 Last Updated: June 18, 2021 at 11:47
PW122010 View Pathway	disease Refsum Disease Rattus norvegicus Adult Refsum Disease (Classic Refsum Disease; Phytanic Acid Oxidase Deficiency; Heredopathia Atactica Polyneurtiformis; Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy IV; HSMN4; Adult Refsum Disease I; Adult Refsum Disease II), can be caused by mutations in the PHYH (or PAHX) gene, which encodes Phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (, the first enzyme in the Phytanic Acid Peroxisomal Oxidation pathway) on chromosome 10 (adult Refsum disease I), and by mutation of the PEX7 gene. A defect in phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase results in accumulation of phytanic acid in the plasma, as well as low levels of pristanic acid due to the inability for phytanic acid to undergo alpha and beta oxidation. Symptoms include anosmia, ataxia, nystagmus, neurological deterioration and peripheral neuropathy. Adult Refsum disease is distinctly different from Infantile Refsum disease both genetically and phenotypically. Infantile Refsum disease involves mutations of the PEX1, PEX2 and PEX26 genes. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: September 10, 2018 at 15:51 Last Updated: September 10, 2018 at 15:51
PW121785 View Pathway	disease Refsum Disease Mus musculus Adult Refsum Disease (Classic Refsum Disease; Phytanic Acid Oxidase Deficiency; Heredopathia Atactica Polyneurtiformis; Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy IV; HSMN4; Adult Refsum Disease I; Adult Refsum Disease II), can be caused by mutations in the PHYH (or PAHX) gene, which encodes Phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (, the first enzyme in the Phytanic Acid Peroxisomal Oxidation pathway) on chromosome 10 (adult Refsum disease I), and by mutation of the PEX7 gene. A defect in phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase results in accumulation of phytanic acid in the plasma, as well as low levels of pristanic acid due to the inability for phytanic acid to undergo alpha and beta oxidation. Symptoms include anosmia, ataxia, nystagmus, neurological deterioration and peripheral neuropathy. Adult Refsum disease is distinctly different from Infantile Refsum disease both genetically and phenotypically. Infantile Refsum disease involves mutations of the PEX1, PEX2 and PEX26 genes. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: September 10, 2018 at 15:49 Last Updated: September 10, 2018 at 15:49