PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW128027 View Pathway	drug action Milnacipran SNRI - Norepinephrine reuptake Inhibition Action Pathway Homo sapiens Milnacipran is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). It is used in the management of fibromyalgia, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, chronic musculoskeletal pain and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. It is generally believed that 5HT and NE participate in the modulation of endogenous analgesic mechanisms by way of the descending inhibitory pain pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Although the specific mechanism of action remains unclear, some studies have proposed that low levels of 5HT may be associated with increased sensitivity to pain - a condition that could subsequently be improved by milnacipran's capacity to enhance the presence of 5HT by inhibiting its reuptake via serotonin transporters at synaptic clefts. Furthermore, in the CNS it is also generally believed that NE released from descending pathways can mitigate pain sensations via eliciting inhibitory effects on alpha-2A-adrenoceptors on central terminals of primary afferent nociceptors, by direct alpha-2-adrenergic action on pain-relay neurons, and by alpha-1-adrenoceptor-mediated activation of inhibitory interneurons. Such NE pain mitigation is consequently also enhanced by milnacipran's ability to enhance the presence of NE by inhibiting its reuptake via norepinephrine transporters at synaptic clefts BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: July 04, 2023 at 15:21 Last Updated: July 04, 2023 at 15:21
PW127995 View Pathway	drug action Milnacipran SNRI - Serotonin reuptake Inhibition Action Pathway Homo sapiens Milnacipran is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). It is used in the management of fibromyalgia, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, chronic musculoskeletal pain and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. It is generally believed that 5HT and NE participate in the modulation of endogenous analgesic mechanisms by way of the descending inhibitory pain pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Although the specific mechanism of action remains unclear, some studies have proposed that low levels of 5HT may be associated with increased sensitivity to pain - a condition that could subsequently be improved by milnacipran's capacity to enhance the presence of 5HT by inhibiting its reuptake via serotonin transporters at synaptic clefts. Furthermore, in the CNS it is also generally believed that NE released from descending pathways can mitigate pain sensations via eliciting inhibitory effects on alpha-2A-adrenoceptors on central terminals of primary afferent nociceptors, by direct alpha-2-adrenergic action on pain-relay neurons, and by alpha-1-adrenoceptor-mediated activation of inhibitory interneurons. Such NE pain mitigation is consequently also enhanced by milnacipran's ability to enhance the presence of NE by inhibiting its reuptake via norepinephrine transporters at synaptic clefts BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: June 28, 2023 at 06:22 Last Updated: June 28, 2023 at 06:22
PW132355 View Pathway	metabolic Milrinone Drug Metabolism Homo sapiens Milrinone is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Milrinone passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: September 21, 2023 at 21:08 Last Updated: September 21, 2023 at 21:08
PW144364 View Pathway	drug action Milrinone Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 13:29 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 13:29
PW145928 View Pathway	drug action Miltefosine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 16:59 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 16:59
PW176450 View Pathway	metabolic Miltefosine Predicted Metabolism Pathway Homo sapiens Metabolites of Template4MB1 are predicted with biotransformer. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: December 12, 2023 at 13:22 Last Updated: December 12, 2023 at 13:22
PW128293 View Pathway	drug action Minaprine Acetylcholinesterase Antidepressant Action Pathway Homo sapiens Minaprine is an amino-phenylpyridazine antidepressant. It is indicated in the treatment of various depressive states. Minaprine acts on many targets in the neurons. Firstly, this drug binds as an antagonist to the serotonin type 2 receptors (C, B, and C). Secondly, it can also antagonize the dopamine D1 and D2 type receptors. In third place, minaprine binds to the serotonin reuptake pump. With these three actions, minaprine blocks the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin, leaving more of those two neurotransmitters in the synapse. Furthermore, minaprine also acts as a reversible inhibitor of the amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A enzyme. The monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of many amines like serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. There are 2 isoforms of this protein: A and B. The first one is found in cells located in the periphery and breakdown serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine. In this pathway, the action in which minaprine inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme is illustrated. This action results in higher concentrations of acetylcholine in the synapses, helping with the depressive symptoms. This drug is administered as an oral tablet but has been withdrawn in 1996 because it caused strong side effects like convulsions. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Daphnee Created On: August 16, 2023 at 10:01 Last Updated: August 16, 2023 at 10:01
PW128288 View Pathway	drug action Minaprine Amine oxidase Norepinephrine Antidepressant Action Pathway Homo sapiens Minaprine is an amino-phenylpyridazine antidepressant. It is indicated in the treatment of various depressive states. Minaprine acts on many targets in the neurons. Firstly, this drug binds as an antagonist to the serotonin type 2 receptors (C, B, and C). Secondly, it can also antagonize the dopamine D1 and D2 type receptors. In third place, minaprine binds to the serotonin reuptake pump. With these three actions, minaprine blocks the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin, leaving more of those two neurotransmitters in the synapse. Furthermore, minaprine also acts as a reversible inhibitor of the amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A enzyme. The monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of many amines like serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. There are 2 isoforms of this protein: A and B. The first one is found in cells located in the periphery and breakdown serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine. The second one, the B isoform, breakdowns phenylethylamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine. This isoform is found in the extracellular tissues and mostly in the brain. The mechanism of action of the MAOIs is still not determined, it is thought that they act by increasing free serotonin and norepinephrine (shown in this pathway) concentrations and/or by altering the concentrations of other amines in the CNS. MAO A inhibition is thought to be more relevant to antidepressant activity than the inhibition caused by MAO B. Selective MAO B inhibitors have no antidepressant effects. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Daphnee Created On: August 15, 2023 at 14:32 Last Updated: August 15, 2023 at 14:32
PW144912 View Pathway	drug action Minaprine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 14:41 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 14:41
PW176442 View Pathway	metabolic Minaprine Predicted Metabolism Pathway Homo sapiens Metabolites of Minaprine are predicted with biotransformer. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: December 12, 2023 at 12:53 Last Updated: December 12, 2023 at 12:53