PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW063744 View Pathway	drug action Clocinizine H1-Antihistamine Action Homo sapiens Clocinizine is a first-generation diphenylmethylpiperazine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Carin Li Created On: September 24, 2017 at 17:40 Last Updated: September 24, 2017 at 17:40
PW127779 View Pathway	drug action Clocortolone Action Pathway Homo sapiens Clocortolone, brand name Cloderm, is a corticosteroid used as a topical cream to treat inflammatory and pruritic dermatoses of the scalp. Clocortolone is a moderate potency topical corticosteroid that should not be used with occlusive dressings. As this drug is a glucocorticoid, its mechanism of action is that of the glucocorticoid response element (GRE) influencing COX-2/prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 suppression and lipocortin/annexin induction. By binding to the glucocorticoid receptor, it influences transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kB to block the transcription of COX-2/prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 which reduces the amount of prostanoids being produced from arachidonic acid. Prostanoids such as PGI2 and thromboxane A2 influence the effects of inflammation through vasoconstriction/dilation, pain sensitivity, and platelet aggregation. Clocortolone also affects the promoter of annexin-1, an important inflammatory protein as it affects leukocytes and blocks phospholipase A2 which reduces the amount of arachidonic acid being cleaved from the phospholipid bilayer. Reducing the amount of arachidonic acid formed further decreases the concentrations of prostanoids mentioned calming inflammation. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Daphnee Created On: June 01, 2023 at 15:46 Last Updated: June 01, 2023 at 15:46
PW144943 View Pathway	drug action Clocortolone Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 14:45 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 14:45
PW127900 View Pathway	drug action Clodronic Acid Action Pathway Homo sapiens Clodronic acid is a bisphosphonate used for the treatment of osteoporosis in women experiencing menopause, hypercalcemia malignancy and osteolysis. Travelling into the bone it binds to hydroxyapatite, osteoclast break down the bone releasing the bisphosphonate. Bisphosphonate is then consumed by the osteoclast by endocytosis and disrupts their mechanism of breaking down the bone. Usually administered intravenously, it is not metabolized and is eliminated via the urine unchanged. Caution should be taken as severe overdoses can cause kidney failure, liver damage and render the patient unconscious. It can be managed through monitoring as hypocalcemia can present itself prior to the overdose, and specializing care via the administration of electrolytes. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Selena Created On: June 16, 2023 at 15:34 Last Updated: June 16, 2023 at 15:34
PW132308 View Pathway	metabolic Clodronic acid Drug Metabolism Homo sapiens Clodronic acid is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Clodronic acid passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: September 21, 2023 at 20:48 Last Updated: September 21, 2023 at 20:48
PW144832 View Pathway	drug action Clodronic acid Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 14:31 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 14:31
PW128094 View Pathway	drug action Clofarabine Action Pathway Homo sapiens Clofarabine is a purine (adenosine) antimetabolite, it is a drug used as an antineoplastic in the treatment of pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia. This molecule differs from the other purine analogs by chlorine in the purine ring and fluorine in the ribose moiety. This drug enters the cell and is metabolized to the active 5'-monophosphate metabolite by the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase. It is also metabolized in the 5'-triphosphate metabolite by mono- and di-phospho kinase. The tri-phosphate metabolite inhibits DNA synthesis through an inhibitory action on ribonucleotide reductase, and by terminating DNA elongation and inhibiting repair through competitive inhibition of DNA polymerases. Those inhibitions lead to the depletion of the intracellular deoxynucleotide triphosphate pool thereby intensifying the effectiveness of DNA synthesis inhibition. Clofarabine 5'-triphosphate also disrupts the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane, leading to the release of the pro-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins, cytochrome C, and apoptosis-inducing factor. All of the cited inhibitions and activities of this drug lead to cell death (apoptosis). This drug is administered as an intravenous injection. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Daphnee Created On: July 17, 2023 at 12:56 Last Updated: July 17, 2023 at 12:56
PW144745 View Pathway	drug action Clofarabine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 14:20 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 14:20
PW144950 View Pathway	drug action Clofazimine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 14:46 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 14:46
PW176008 View Pathway	metabolic Clofazimine Predicted Metabolism Pathway new Homo sapiens Metabolites of Clofazimine are predicted with biotransformer. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: November 29, 2023 at 13:11 Last Updated: November 29, 2023 at 13:11