PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW176770 View Pathway	drug action Ketotifen H1-Antihistamine Immune Response Action Pathway Homo sapiens Ketotifen is an H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. H1-antihistamines act on H1 receptors in T-cells to inhibit the immune response, in blood vessels to constrict dilated blood vessels, and in smooth muscles of lungs and intestines to relax those muscles. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Carin Li Created On: December 19, 2023 at 15:01 Last Updated: December 19, 2023 at 15:01
PW124289 View Pathway	metabolic Ki67 Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Guest: Anonymous Created On: October 29, 2020 at 04:57 Last Updated: October 29, 2020 at 04:57
PW120610 View Pathway	physiological Kidney Function Rattus norvegicus Kidneys are regulatory organs involved in removing wastes from the blood, hormone production, nutrient reabsorption, and regulating electrolyte concentrations, acid-base balance, extracellular fluid volume, and blood pressure. The early proximal tubule is where glucose, amino acids, sodium, chlorine, phosphate, bicarbonate, and water are reabsorbed. Only water is reabsorbed in the thin descending loop of Henle, while sodium, chlorine and potassium are reabsorbed in the thick ascending loop of Henle. Sodium and chlorine are also reabsorbed in the early distal convoluted tubule. Finally, sodium and water are reabsorbed in the collecting tubules. Blood pressure is regulated by the hormones angiotensin II and aldosterone, which increases sodium chloride reabsorption. This results in an expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment, thus increasing blood pressure. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: September 10, 2018 at 14:07 Last Updated: September 10, 2018 at 14:07
PW120590 View Pathway	physiological Kidney Function Mus musculus Kidneys are regulatory organs involved in removing wastes from the blood, hormone production, nutrient reabsorption, and regulating electrolyte concentrations, acid-base balance, extracellular fluid volume, and blood pressure. The early proximal tubule is where glucose, amino acids, sodium, chlorine, phosphate, bicarbonate, and water are reabsorbed. Only water is reabsorbed in the thin descending loop of Henle, while sodium, chlorine and potassium are reabsorbed in the thick ascending loop of Henle. Sodium and chlorine are also reabsorbed in the early distal convoluted tubule. Finally, sodium and water are reabsorbed in the collecting tubules. Blood pressure is regulated by the hormones angiotensin II and aldosterone, which increases sodium chloride reabsorption. This results in an expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment, thus increasing blood pressure. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: September 10, 2018 at 14:02 Last Updated: September 10, 2018 at 14:02
PW120599 View Pathway	physiological Kidney Function Bos taurus Kidneys are regulatory organs involved in removing wastes from the blood, hormone production, nutrient reabsorption, and regulating electrolyte concentrations, acid-base balance, extracellular fluid volume, and blood pressure. The early proximal tubule is where glucose, amino acids, sodium, chlorine, phosphate, bicarbonate, and water are reabsorbed. Only water is reabsorbed in the thin descending loop of Henle, while sodium, chlorine and potassium are reabsorbed in the thick ascending loop of Henle. Sodium and chlorine are also reabsorbed in the early distal convoluted tubule. Finally, sodium and water are reabsorbed in the collecting tubules. Blood pressure is regulated by the hormones angiotensin II and aldosterone, which increases sodium chloride reabsorption. This results in an expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment, thus increasing blood pressure. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: September 10, 2018 at 14:05 Last Updated: September 10, 2018 at 14:05
PW000147 View Pathway	physiological Kidney Function Homo sapiens Kidneys are regulatory organs involved in removing wastes from the blood, hormone production, nutrient reabsorption, and regulating electrolyte concentrations, acid-base balance, extracellular fluid volume, and blood pressure. The early proximal tubule is where glucose, amino acids, sodium, chlorine, phosphate, bicarbonate, and water are reabsorbed. Only water is reabsorbed in the thin descending loop of Henle, while sodium, chlorine and potassium are reabsorbed in the thick ascending loop of Henle. Sodium and chlorine are also reabsorbed in the early distal convoluted tubule. Finally, sodium and water are reabsorbed in the collecting tubules. Blood pressure is regulated by the hormones angiotensin II and aldosterone, which increases sodium chloride reabsorption. This results in an expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment, thus increasing blood pressure. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: WishartLab Created On: August 19, 2013 at 12:04 Last Updated: August 19, 2013 at 12:04
PW122277 View Pathway	physiological Kidney Function - Ascending Limb of The Loop of Henle Homo sapiens The loop of Henle of the nephron can be separated into an ascending limb and the descending limb. The descending limb is highly impermeable to solutes such as sodium, but permeable to water. Conversely, the ascending limb is highly impermeable to water, but permeable to solutes. Chloride, potassium, and sodium are co-transported across the apical membrane (closest to the lumen) via transporters from the filtrate. The transporter requires all three ions present to be effective and to maintain electroneutrality. In addition, the three ions are transported across the basolateral membrane (closest to the renal interstitium) via other means such as the sodium potassium ATPase transports and the chloride channels in the membrane. As these solutes are being actively transported out of the ascending limb and into the renal interstitium/capillary network without water following (due to the lack of water permeability), the filtrate becomes more diluted. Furthermore, these ions simultaneously causes an increase in osmotic pressure that contributes to water reabsorption in the descending limb. This effect can be magnified with the help of vasopressin, which is a hormone that is typically involved with water reabsorption. However, when it acts on the ascending limb, it aids in increasing sodium reabsorption which will increase water reabsorption in the latter parts of the nephron (the distal tubule and collecting duct). BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Debra Lipton Created On: October 31, 2018 at 21:41 Last Updated: October 31, 2018 at 21:41
PW122278 View Pathway	physiological Kidney Function - Collecting Duct Homo sapiens The collecting duct of the nephron is the last segment of the functioning nephron and is connected to minor calyces and the ensuing renal pelvis of the kidney where urine continues before it is stored in the bladder. The collecting duct is mainly responsible for the excretion and reabsorption of water and ions. It is composed of two important cell types: intercalated cells that are responsible for maintaining acid-base homeostasis, and principal cells that help maintain the body's water and salt balance. When renin is released from the kidneys, it causes the activation of angiotensin I in the blood circulation which is cleaved to become angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex and release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland. When in the circulation, vasopressin eventually binds to receptors on epithelial cells in the collecting ducts. This causes vesicles that contain aquaporins to fuse with the plasma membrane. Aquaporins are proteins that act as water channels once they have bound to the plasma membrane. As a result, the permeability of the collecting duct changes to allow for water reabsorption back into the blood circulation. In addition, sodium and potassium are also reabsorbed back into the systemic circulation at the collecting duct via potassium and sodium channels. However, aldosterone is a major regulator of the reabsorption of these ions as well, as it changes the permeability of the collective duct to these ions. As a result, a high concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood vessels occurs. Some urea and other ions may be reabsorbed as well. The reabsorption of ions and water increases blood fluid volume and blood pressure. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Debra Lipton Created On: November 01, 2018 at 12:44 Last Updated: November 01, 2018 at 12:44
PW122276 View Pathway	physiological Kidney Function - Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle Homo sapiens The loop of Henle of the nephron can be separated into an ascending limb and the descending limb. The ascending limb is highly impermeable to water, but permeable to solutes. Conversely, the descending limb is highly impermeable to solutes such as sodium, but permeable to water. As solutes are being actively transported out of the ascending limb, the solutes cause in increase in osmotic pressure. This, combined with the ability for water to move freely out of the descending limb, leads to a water reabsorption into the adjacent capillary network and a high concentration of sodium in the filtrate at the descending Limb. Water moves from the descending loop to the capillary network through aquaporin channels in the cell membrane. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Debra Lipton Created On: October 31, 2018 at 13:33 Last Updated: October 31, 2018 at 13:33
PW122279 View Pathway	physiological Kidney Function - Distal Convoluted Tubule Homo sapiens The distal convoluted tubule of the nephron is the part of the kidney between the loop of henle and the collecting duct. When renin is released from the kidneys, it causes the activation of angiotensin I in the blood circulation which is cleaved to become angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex and release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland. When in the circulation, vasopressin eventually binds to receptors on epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule. This causes vesicles that contain aquaporins to fuse with the plasma membrane. Aquaporins are proteins that act as water channels once they have bound to the plasma membrane. As a result, the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule changes to allow for water reabsorption back into the blood circulation. In addition, sodium, chlorine, and calcium are also reabsorbed back into the systemic circulation via their respective channels and exchangers. However, aldosterone is a major regulator of the reabsorption of these ions as well, as it changes the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule to these ions. As a result, a high concentration of sodium, chlorine, and calcium in the blood vessels occurs. The reabsorption of ions and water increases blood fluid volume and blood pressure. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Debra Lipton Created On: November 01, 2018 at 14:11 Last Updated: November 01, 2018 at 14:11