
PathWhiz ID | Pathway | Meta Data |
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PW127416 |
drug action
Chloramphenicol Action Pathway - NewHomo sapiens
Chloramphenicol, trade names Pentamycetin and Chloromycetin, is a broad spectrum antibiotic originally derived from Streptomyces venezuelae . It inhibits protein synthesis by binding the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent bacterial growth. Bacterial resistance has occurred through decreased uptake or permeability, ribosomal mutation and inactivation by acetylation. Adverse side effects such as aplastic anemia, bone-marrow suppression or Gray syndrome in neonates and infants have resulted in limited use. However, due to ampicillin-resistant bacterial meningitis, there has been a renewed interest in the drug.
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Creator: Nitya Khetarpal Created On: January 25, 2023 at 07:54 Last Updated: January 25, 2023 at 07:54 |
PW144571 |
drug action
Chloramphenicol Drug Metabolism Action PathwayHomo sapiens
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Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 13:55 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 13:55 |
PW146874 |
drug action
Chloramphenicol palmitate Drug Metabolism Action PathwayHomo sapiens
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Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 19:15 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 19:15 |
PW176000 |
Chloramphenicol Predicted Metabolism Pathway newHomo sapiens
Metabolites of Chloramphenicol are predicted with biotransformer.
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Creator: Omolola Created On: November 29, 2023 at 13:08 Last Updated: November 29, 2023 at 13:08 |
PW127417 |
drug action
Chloramphenicol succinate Action PathwayHomo sapiens
CS is a prodrug of chloramphenicol
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Creator: Nitya Khetarpal Created On: January 25, 2023 at 08:06 Last Updated: January 25, 2023 at 08:06 |
PW145828 |
drug action
Chloramphenicol succinate Drug Metabolism Action PathwayHomo sapiens
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Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 16:46 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 16:46 |
PW176001 |
Chloramphenicol succinate Predicted Metabolism Pathway newHomo sapiens
Metabolites of Chloramphenicol succinate are predicted with biotransformer.
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Creator: Omolola Created On: November 29, 2023 at 13:08 Last Updated: November 29, 2023 at 13:08 |
PW145897 |
drug action
Chlorcyclizine Drug Metabolism Action PathwayHomo sapiens
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Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 16:55 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 16:55 |
PW176617 |
drug action
Chlorcyclizine H1 Antihistamine Smooth Muscle Relaxation Action PathwayHomo sapiens
Chlorcyclizine is an H1 antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. H1-antihistamines act on H1 receptors in T-cells to inhibit the immune response, in blood vessels to constrict dilated blood vessels, and in smooth muscles of lungs and intestines to relax those muscles.
H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. H1-antihistamines act on H1 receptors in T-cells to inhibit the immune response, in blood vessels to constrict dilated blood vessels, and in smooth muscles of lungs and intestines to relax those muscles. Allergies causes blood vessel dilation which causes swelling (edema) and fluid leakage. Chlorcyclizine also inhibits the H1 histamine receptor on bronchiole smooth muscle myocytes. This normally activates the Gq signalling cascade which activates phospholipase C which catalyzes the production of Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG). Because of the inhibition, IP3 doesn't activate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and DAG doesn't activate the release of calcium into the cytosol of the endothelial cell. This causes a low concentration of calcium in the cytosol, and it, therefore, cannot bind to calmodulin.Calcium bound calmodulin is required for the activation of myosin light chain kinase. This prevents the phosphorylation of myosin light chain 3, causing an accumulation of myosin light chain 3. This causes muscle relaxation, opening up the bronchioles in the lungs, making breathing easier.
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Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: December 19, 2023 at 12:57 Last Updated: December 19, 2023 at 12:57 |
PW059865 |
drug action
Chlorcyclizine H1-Antihistamine ActionHomo sapiens
Chlorcyclizine is a first-generation piperazine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions.
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Creator: Carin Li Created On: September 18, 2017 at 15:12 Last Updated: September 18, 2017 at 15:12 |