Pathways

Metabolites of Nicorandil are predicted with biotransformer.

Metabolites of Nicotinamide are predicted with biotransformer.

Nicotinate (synonyms:pyridine-3-carboxylate, 3-pyridinecarboxylate, vitamin B3) is a pyridinemonocarboxylate that is the conjugate base of nicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. It has a role as a metabolite and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is a conjugate base of a nicotinic acid. Nicotinamide is the amide derivative of nicotinic acid. Nicotinate and nicotinamide are essential for organisms as the precursors for generation of coenzymes, NAD+ and NADP+, which are essential for redox reactions and carry electrons from one reaction to another. [LAMP (Liverpool) Library of Apicomplexan Metabolic Pathways,#] The Nicotinate and Nicotinamide metabolism in Arabidopsis Thaliana takes place in Cytoplasm, Mitochondria and Chloroplast of the specie. In this pathway, Nicotinamide riboside is catalyzed into Niacinamide using Uridine nucleosidase 1. NAD is catalyzed from Nicotinamide ribotide by Nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase. This NAD enters the Chloroplast usin the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide transporter 1, chloroplastic and transfers to NADP via NAD kinase 2 enzyme. The NAD resulted from he catalyzation of Nicotinamide ribotide can also enter the Mitochondrion using Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide transporter 2 and catalyzes into Niacinamide via NAD-dependent protein deacylase SRT2. This Niacinamide will be transfered into Cytosol using Niacinamide Mitochondrial Transporter. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide is catalyzed into Nicotinic acid mononucleotide via Alkaline-phosphatase-like family proteininside the Vacuole.The Nicotinic acid mononucleotide catalyzes into Nicotinic acid via Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase 2 (in Chloroplast) or via Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase 2 Template in the Cytosol. This pathway also relates the following pathways: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle), Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, Tryptophan metabolism, Pyruvate metabolism, C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism, and Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis.

Nicotinate (niacin) and nicotinamide - more commonly known as vitamin B3 - are precursors of the coenzymes nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). NAD+ synthesis occurs either de novo from amino acids, or a salvage pathway from nicotinamide. Most organisms use the de novo pathway whereas the savage pathway is only typically found in mammals. The specifics of the de novo pathway varies between organisms, but most begin by forming quinolinic acid (QA) from tryptophan (Trp) in animals, or aspartic acid in some bacteria (intestinal microflora) and plants. Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase converts QA into nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) by transfering a phosphoribose group. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase then transfers an adenylate group to form nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD). Lastly, the nicotinic acid group is amidated to form a nicotinamide group, resulting in a molecule of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Additionally, NAD can be phosphorylated to form NADP. The salvage pathway involves recycling nicotinamide and nicotinamide-containing molecules such as nicotinamide riboside. The precursors are fed into the NAD+ biosynthetic pathwaythrough adenylation and phosphoribosylation reactions. These compounds can be found in the diet, where the mixture of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are called vitamin B3 or niacin. These compounds are also produced within the body when the nicotinamide group is released from NAD+ in ADP-ribose transfer reactions.

Nicotinate (niacin) and nicotinamide - more commonly known as vitamin B3 - are precursors of the coenzymes nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). NAD+ synthesis occurs either de novo from amino acids, or a salvage pathway from nicotinamide. Most organisms use the de novo pathway whereas the savage pathway is only typically found in mammals. The specifics of the de novo pathway varies between organisms, but most begin by forming quinolinic acid (QA) from tryptophan (Trp) in animals, or aspartic acid in some bacteria (intestinal microflora) and plants. Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase converts QA into nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) by transfering a phosphoribose group. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase then transfers an adenylate group to form nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD). Lastly, the nicotinic acid group is amidated to form a nicotinamide group, resulting in a molecule of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Additionally, NAD can be phosphorylated to form NADP. The salvage pathway involves recycling nicotinamide and nicotinamide-containing molecules such as nicotinamide riboside. The precursors are fed into the NAD+ biosynthetic pathwaythrough adenylation and phosphoribosylation reactions. These compounds can be found in the diet, where the mixture of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are called vitamin B3 or niacin. These compounds are also produced within the body when the nicotinamide group is released from NAD+ in ADP-ribose transfer reactions.

Nicotinate, also called nicotinic acid or niacin, is a form of vitamin B3 that is primarily obtained through whole and processed, as well as fortified foods. Another form of vitamin B3 is nicotinamide or niacinamide, which is also obtained in trace amounts from dietary sources. Nicotinamide is critically important in the structure of NAD(H) and NADP(H), which are both used as coenzymes in oxidation-reduction reactions such as the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. L-aspartic acid from the aspartate metabolism pathway can be converted into iminoaspartic acid by a putative L-aspartate dehydrogenase, removing a hydrogen ion from it. After this, a quinolinate synthase, whose protein is currently unknown in Xenopus laevis, converts it to quinolinic acid, which can also be obtained from the tryptophan metabolism pathway. Quinolinic acid can interact with carboxylating nicotinate-nculeotide pyrophosphorylase, which converts it to nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide. This can then be converted to nicotinate D-ribonucleoside by a cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase, adding a water molecule and removing a phosphate. This nicotinate D-ribonucleoside can then be converted back to nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide by a nicotinamide riboside kinase, or converted to and from nicotinic acid by purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide can alternatively be converted straight to and from nicotinic acid by nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase. Nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide can also be converted to and from nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide by nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase. This can then be converted back by a nucleotide diphosphatase. The nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide is then converted to NAD by glutamine-dependent NAD synthetase. NAD can be converted to NADP by NAD kinase 2 in the mitochondria, which can be converted to and from NAD by a NAD+ transhydrogenase, also in the mitochondria. NAD can also be converted to nicotinamide ribotide by a nucleotide diphosphatase, which can then be converted to and from NAD by nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase. Nicotinamide ribotide can form nicotinamide riboside via catalysis by a cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase, which can be returned to nicotinamide ribotide by a ribon. It can also be converted to nicotinamide by a purine nucleoside phosphorylase, which removes ribose 1-phosphate from it. Nicotinamide ribotide can also be directly converted to and from nicotinamide by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase which removes phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate from it. Additionally, NADP and nicotinic acid can form nicotinamide and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, catalyzed by 2'-phospho-cyclic-ADP-ribose transferase. Nicotinamide can finally have a methyl group added to it by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, forming 1-methylnicotinamide, which can then interact with aldehyde oxidase 5, forming either N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide or N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, which are the final products of this pathway.

Nicotinate (niacin) and nicotinamide - more commonly known as vitamin B3 - are precursors of the coenzymes nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). NAD+ synthesis occurs either de novo from amino acids, or a salvage pathway from nicotinamide. Most organisms use the de novo pathway whereas the savage pathway is only typically found in mammals. The specifics of the de novo pathway varies between organisms, but most begin by forming quinolinic acid (QA) from tryptophan (Trp) in animals, or aspartic acid in some bacteria (intestinal microflora) and plants. Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase converts QA into nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) by transfering a phosphoribose group. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase then transfers an adenylate group to form nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD). Lastly, the nicotinic acid group is amidated to form a nicotinamide group, resulting in a molecule of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Additionally, NAD can be phosphorylated to form NADP. The salvage pathway involves recycling nicotinamide and nicotinamide-containing molecules such as nicotinamide riboside. The precursors are fed into the NAD+ biosynthetic pathwaythrough adenylation and phosphoribosylation reactions. These compounds can be found in the diet, where the mixture of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are called vitamin B3 or niacin. These compounds are also produced within the body when the nicotinamide group is released from NAD+ in ADP-ribose transfer reactions.

Nicotinate (niacin) and nicotinamide - more commonly known as vitamin B3 - are precursors of the coenzymes nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). NAD+ synthesis occurs either de novo from amino acids, or a salvage pathway from nicotinamide. Most organisms use the de novo pathway whereas the savage pathway is only typically found in mammals. The specifics of the de novo pathway varies between organisms, but most begin by forming quinolinic acid (QA) from tryptophan (Trp) in animals, or aspartic acid in some bacteria (intestinal microflora) and plants. Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase converts QA into nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) by transfering a phosphoribose group. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase then transfers an adenylate group to form nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD). Lastly, the nicotinic acid group is amidated to form a nicotinamide group, resulting in a molecule of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Additionally, NAD can be phosphorylated to form NADP. The salvage pathway involves recycling nicotinamide and nicotinamide-containing molecules such as nicotinamide riboside. The precursors are fed into the NAD+ biosynthetic pathwaythrough adenylation and phosphoribosylation reactions. These compounds can be found in the diet, where the mixture of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are called vitamin B3 or niacin. These compounds are also produced within the body when the nicotinamide group is released from NAD+ in ADP-ribose transfer reactions.

Nicotinate (niacin) and nicotinamide - more commonly known as vitamin B3 - are precursors of the coenzymes nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). NAD+ synthesis occurs either de novo from amino acids, or a salvage pathway from nicotinamide. Most organisms use the de novo pathway whereas the savage pathway is only typically found in mammals. The specifics of the de novo pathway varies between organisms, but most begin by forming quinolinic acid (QA) from tryptophan (Trp) in animals, or aspartic acid in some bacteria (intestinal microflora) and plants. Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase converts QA into nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) by transfering a phosphoribose group. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase then transfers an adenylate group to form nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD). Lastly, the nicotinic acid group is amidated to form a nicotinamide group, resulting in a molecule of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Additionally, NAD can be phosphorylated to form NADP. The salvage pathway involves recycling nicotinamide and nicotinamide-containing molecules such as nicotinamide riboside. The precursors are fed into the NAD+ biosynthetic pathwaythrough adenylation and phosphoribosylation reactions. These compounds can be found in the diet, where the mixture of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are called vitamin B3 or niacin. These compounds are also produced within the body when the nicotinamide group is released from NAD+ in ADP-ribose transfer reactions.