Pathways

Naturally occurring Endogenous compounds in mammals that naturally act like morphine in the opioid pathway include endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins. They are often referred to as endogenous opioids. They bind and activate opioid receptors mimicking the effects of opioid drugs like morphine. Endorphins are a group of endogenous opioid peptides that include beta-endorphin, alpha-endorphin, and gamma-endorphin. They are produced primarily in the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus in response to stress and pain. Endorphins bind to mu-opioid receptors and provide pain relief and a sense of well-being. They are sometimes referred to as "natural painkillers. Enkephalins are a class of endogenous opioid peptides that include met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin. They are distributed widely in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Enkephalins bind to both delta-opioid and mu-opioid receptors and play a role in pain modulation, mood regulation, and other physiological functions. Dynorphins are another group of endogenous opioid peptides, with dynorphin A and dynorphin B being the most well-known. They primarily activate kappa-opioid receptors. Dynorphins are distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord and are involved in pain perception, stress responses, and mood regulation.

Naturally occurring Endogenous compounds in mammals that naturally act like morphine in the opioid pathway include endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins. They are often referred to as endogenous opioids. They bind and activate opioid receptors mimicking the effects of opioid drugs like morphine. Endorphins are a group of endogenous opioid peptides that include beta-endorphin, alpha-endorphin, and gamma-endorphin. They are produced primarily in the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus in response to stress and pain. Endorphins bind to mu-opioid receptors and provide pain relief and a sense of well-being. They are sometimes referred to as "natural painkillers. Enkephalins are a class of endogenous opioid peptides that include met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin. They are distributed widely in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Enkephalins bind to both delta-opioid and mu-opioid receptors and play a role in pain modulation, mood regulation, and other physiological functions. Dynorphins are another group of endogenous opioid peptides, with dynorphin A and dynorphin B being the most well-known. They primarily activate kappa-opioid receptors. Dynorphins are distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord and are involved in pain perception, stress responses, and mood regulation.

Naturally occurring Endogenous compounds in mammals that naturally act like morphine in the opioid pathway include endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins. They are often referred to as endogenous opioids. They bind and activate opioid receptors mimicking the effects of opioid drugs like morphine. Endorphins are a group of endogenous opioid peptides that include beta-endorphin, alpha-endorphin, and gamma-endorphin. They are produced primarily in the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus in response to stress and pain. Endorphins bind to mu-opioid receptors and provide pain relief and a sense of well-being. They are sometimes referred to as "natural painkillers. Enkephalins are a class of endogenous opioid peptides that include met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin. They are distributed widely in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Enkephalins bind to both delta-opioid and mu-opioid receptors and play a role in pain modulation, mood regulation, and other physiological functions. Dynorphins are another group of endogenous opioid peptides, with dynorphin A and dynorphin B being the most well-known. They primarily activate kappa-opioid receptors. Dynorphins are distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord and are involved in pain perception, stress responses, and mood regulation.

Orciprenaline is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist used to treat bronchospasm, asthma, and COPD. This drug is used exclusively as a bronchodilator. When taken, it acts on the smooth muscles in the bronchi causing a muscle relaxation or bronchodilation. It activates the beta-2 adrenergic receptors which then further stimulates intracellular adenylyl cyclase. Once Orciprenaline is administered and it binds to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, the G protein signalling cascade begins. The alpha and beta/gamma subunits of the G protein separate and GDP is replaced with GTP on the alpha subunit. This alpha subunit then activates adenylyl cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP. cAMP then activates protein kinase A (PKA) which in turn phosphorylates targets and inhibits MLCK through decreased calcium levels causing muscle relaxation. PKA can phosphorylate certain Gq-coupled receptors as well as phospholipase C (PLC) and thereby inhibit G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) -PLC-mediated phosphoinositide (PI) generation, and thus calcium flux. PKA phosphorylates the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor to reduce its affinity for IP3 and further limit calcium mobilization. PKA phosphorylates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and decreases its affinity to calcium calmodulin, thus reducing activity and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. PKA also phosphorylates KCa++ channels in ASM, increasing their open-state probability (and therefore K+ efflux) and promoting hyperpolarization. Since myosine light chain kinase is not activated, Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase continues to dephosphorylate myosin LC-P, and more cannot be synthesized so myosin remains unbound from actin causing muscle relaxation. This relaxation of the smooth muscles in the lungs causes the bronchial airways to relax which causes bronchodialation, making it easier to breathe. Orciprenaline is a moderately selective agonist and can include side effects such as dizziness, headaches, nausea, sweating, and tremors.

Metabolites of Orciprenaline are predicted with biotransformer.

Oritavancin is an antibacterial agent used to treat acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by susceptible gram-positive bacteria. Oritavancin is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure (including subcutaneous) infection. It is used for confirmed/suspected infections with designated and susceptible gram-positive organisms. The cell wall is vital for the survival and replication of bacteria, making it a primary target for antibiotic therapy. Oritavancin works against susceptible gram-positive organisms via three separate mechanisms. It binds to the stem peptide of peptidoglycan precursors, inhibiting transglycosylation (polymerization). This process normally occurs during cell wall synthesis. Secondly, oritavancin inhibits crosslinking during bacterial cell wall biosynthesis via binding to cell wall pentaglycyl peptide bridging segments. Finally, this drug also acts by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane, interfering with its integrity, which eventually leads to cell death by various mechanisms.