PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW127866 View Pathway	drug action Oxcarbazepine Action Pathway (New) Homo sapiens Oxcarbazepine is an anti-epileptic used in the treatment of partial-onset seizures. It can be found under the brand name Oxtellar and Trileptal. Oxcarbazepine is an anti-epileptic medication used in the treatment of partial onset seizures that was first approved for use in the United States in 2000. It is a structural derivative of carbamazepine and exerts a majority of its activity via a pharmacologically active metabolite, MHD (licarbazepine). The exact mechanism through which oxcarbazepine and its active metaoblite, MHD, exert their anti-epileptic effects is unclear, but is thought to primarily involve the blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels. The opening and closing of sodium channels allows for the propagation of action potentials along neurons - in epilepsy, these action potentials can occur in excess of that required for normal function, and the repetitive and pathological firing of these action potentials leads to seizure activity. Both oxcarbazepine and MHD are thought to inhibit seizure activity by binding to the inactive state of voltage-gated sodium channels, thus prolonging the period in which the receptor is unavailable for action potential propagation. This helps to stabilize hyperexcited neuronal membranes, inhibit repetitive neuron firing, and prevent the spread of seizure activity within the CNS without affecting normal neuronal transmission. MHD is formed via reduction by several members of the aldo-keto reductase family of cytosolic liver enzymes and exists as a racemate in plasma in an approximate ratio of 80% (S)-MHD to 20% (R)-MHD. Some possible side effects of using oxcarbazepine may include sedation, dizziness, headache, and ataxia. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Hayley Created On: June 12, 2023 at 13:11 Last Updated: June 12, 2023 at 13:11
PW144885 View Pathway	drug action Oxcarbazepine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 14:38 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 14:38
PW145579 View Pathway	drug action Oxeladin Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 16:07 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 16:07
PW146540 View Pathway	drug action Oxetacaine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 18:27 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 18:27
PW126953 View Pathway	drug action Oxiconazole Action Pathway Homo sapiens Oxiconazole is a topical antifungal agent, known as the brand name Oxistat, that is used to treat a variety of skin fungal infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm.It is used to treat a number of different yeasts and dermatophytes such as T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, T. violaceum, E. floccosum, M. canis, M. audouini, M. gypseum, C. albicans, and M. furfur. It is applied topically to the infected area where it can inhibit the target enzymes in the fungal cells by diffusing into the cell. Oxiconazole inhibits both lanosterol synthase and lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase in the endoplasmic reticulum of fungal cells. Lanosterol synthase is the enzyme that catelyzes the synthesis of lanosterol from (S)-2,3 oxidosqualene. Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of 4,4'-dimethyl cholesta-8,14,24-triene-3-beta-ol from lanosterol. With both of these enzymes inhibited ergosterol synthesis cannot occur which causes a significant low concentration of ergosterol in the fungal cell. Ergosterol is essential in maintaining membrane integrity in fungi. Without ergosterol, the fungus cell cannot synthesize membranes thereby increasing fluidity and preventing growth of new cells. This causes the cell to collapse and die. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: May 25, 2022 at 12:19 Last Updated: May 25, 2022 at 12:19
PW132494 View Pathway	metabolic Oxiconazole Drug Metabolism Homo sapiens Oxiconazole is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Oxiconazole passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: September 21, 2023 at 22:05 Last Updated: September 21, 2023 at 22:05
PW144368 View Pathway	drug action Oxiconazole Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 13:29 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 13:29
PW000155 View Pathway	metabolic Oxidation of Branched-Chain Fatty Acids Homo sapiens In the majority of organisms, fatty acid degradation occurs mostly through the beta-oxidation cycle. In plants, this cycle only happens in the peroxisome, while in mammals this cycle happens in both the peroxisomes and mitochondria. Unfortunately, traditional fatty acid oxidation does not work for branched-chain fatty acids, or fatty acids that do not have an even number of carbons, like the fatty acid phytanic acid, found in animal milk. This acid can not be oxidized through beta-oxidation, as problems arise when water is added at the branched beta-carbon. To be able to oxidize this fatty acid, the carbon is oxidized by oxygen, which removes the initial carboxyl group, which shortens the chain. Now lacking a methyl group, this chain can be beta-oxidized. Now moving to the mitochondria, there are four reactions that occur, and are repeated for each molecule of the fatty acid. Each time the cycle of these reactions is completed, the chain is relieved of two carbons, which are oxidized and are taken away by NADH and FADH2, energy carriers that collect the carbons energy. After beta-oxidation in the cycle of reactions, an acetyl-CoA unit is released and is recycled into the cycle of reactions in the mitochondria, until the chain is fully broken down into acetyl-CoA, and can enter the TCA cycle. Once in the TCA cycle, it is converted to NADH and FADH2, which in turn help move along mitochondrial ATP production. Acetyl-CoA also helps produce ketone bodies that are further converted to energy in the heart and the brain. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: WishartLab Created On: August 19, 2013 at 12:04 Last Updated: August 19, 2013 at 12:04
PW088513 View Pathway	metabolic Oxidation of Branched-Chain Fatty Acids Caenorhabditis elegans In the majority of organisms, fatty acid degradation occurs mostly through the beta-oxidation cycle. In plants, this cycle only happens in the peroxisome, while in mammals this cycle happens in both the peroxisomes and mitochondria. Unfortunately, traditional fatty acid oxidation does not work for branched-chain fatty acids, or fatty acids that do not have an even number of carbons, like the fatty acid phytanic acid, found in animal milk. This acid can not be oxidized through beta-oxidation, as problems arise when water is added at the branched beta-carbon. To be able to oxidize this fatty acid, the carbon is oxidized by oxygen, which removes the initial carboxyl group, which shortens the chain. Now lacking a methyl group, this chain can be beta-oxidized. Now moving to the mitochondria, there are four reactions that occur, and are repeated for each molecule of the fatty acid. Each time the cycle of these reactions is completed, the chain is relieved of two carbons, which are oxidized and are taken away by NADH and FADH2, energy carriers that collect the carbons energy. After beta-oxidation in the cycle of reactions, an acetyl-CoA unit is released and is recycled into the cycle of reactions in the mitochondria, until the chain is fully broken down into acetyl-CoA, and can enter the TCA cycle. Once in the TCA cycle, it is converted to NADH and FADH2, which in turn help move along mitochondrial ATP production. Acetyl-CoA also helps produce ketone bodies that are further converted to energy in the heart and the brain. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: August 10, 2018 at 18:01 Last Updated: August 10, 2018 at 18:01
PW087945 View Pathway	metabolic Oxidation of Branched-Chain Fatty Acids Mus musculus In the majority of organisms, fatty acid degradation occurs mostly through the beta-oxidation cycle. In plants, this cycle only happens in the peroxisome, while in mammals this cycle happens in both the peroxisomes and mitochondria. Unfortunately, traditional fatty acid oxidation does not work for branched-chain fatty acids, or fatty acids that do not have an even number of carbons, like the fatty acid phytanic acid, found in animal milk. This acid can not be oxidized through beta-oxidation, as problems arise when water is added at the branched beta-carbon. To be able to oxidize this fatty acid, the carbon is oxidized by oxygen, which removes the initial carboxyl group, which shortens the chain. Now lacking a methyl group, this chain can be beta-oxidized. Now moving to the mitochondria, there are four reactions that occur, and are repeated for each molecule of the fatty acid. Each time the cycle of these reactions is completed, the chain is relieved of two carbons, which are oxidized and are taken away by NADH and FADH2, energy carriers that collect the carbons energy. After beta-oxidation in the cycle of reactions, an acetyl-CoA unit is released and is recycled into the cycle of reactions in the mitochondria, until the chain is fully broken down into acetyl-CoA, and can enter the TCA cycle. Once in the TCA cycle, it is converted to NADH and FADH2, which in turn help move along mitochondrial ATP production. Acetyl-CoA also helps produce ketone bodies that are further converted to energy in the heart and the brain. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: August 09, 2018 at 18:10 Last Updated: August 09, 2018 at 18:10