Pathways

Ranolazine is an anti-anginal drug used for the treatment of chronic angina. It can be found under the brand names Aspruzyo Sprinkle and Ranexa. Chronic angina is a common cardiovascular condition affecting millions worldwide and causes significant disability while interfering with daily activities. Ranolazine is a well-tolerated piperazine derivative used for the management of this condition, offering relief from uncomfortable and debilitating symptoms. It can be used alone or in conjunction with nitrates, beta-blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers, anti-platelet drugs, calcium channel blockers, lipid-lowering drugs, and ACE inhibitors. Myocardial ischemia exerts effects on adenosine triphosphate flux, leading to a decrease in the energy available for contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle. Electrolyte balance of sodium and potassium is necessary for maintaining normal cardiac contraction and relaxation. Disruption of adequate sodium and potassium electrolyte balance leads to excessively high concentrations of sodium and calcium, which likely interferes with oxygen supply to the heart muscle. This imbalance eventually leads to angina symptoms of chest pain or pressure, nausea, and dizziness, among others. The mechanism of action for ranolazine is not fully understood. At therapeutic concentrations, it can inhibit the cardiac late sodium 205 current (INa), which may affect the electrolyte balance in the myocardium, relieving angina symptoms. The clinical significance this inhibition in the treatment of angina symptoms is not yet confirmed. It has been shown to exert weak activity on L-type calcium channels. Some side effects of using ranolazine may include chest tightness, laboured breathing, and lightheadedness. Ranolazine is administered as an oral tablet.

Metabolites of Template3MB4 are predicted with biotransformer.

RAS signalling pathway is one of the main pathways to transduce intracellular signals in response to mitogens to controls cell growth, survival and anti-apoptotic programs. RAS proteins are GTP-binding proteins and must be bound to GTP to be active. Active RAS binds and activates effector enzymes that control cell proliferation, survival and other cell behaviours. RAS interacts directly with the catalytic subunit of PI3K to activate lipid kinases controlling the activity of downstream enzymes. Some of these kinases have anti-apoptotic activity, playing an important role in the survival signal of RAS. PI3K is also involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and transcription factor pathways. RAS also effects exchange factors causing inhibition of transcription factors from FoxO family, part of promoting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Normal function of these proteins require post-transcriptional modification. Pathway mutations in activation may result in human tumours.

RAS signalling pathway is one of the main pathways to transduce intracellular signals in response to mitogens to controls cell growth, survival and anti-apoptotic programs. RAS proteins are GTP-binding proteins and must be bound to GTP to be active. Active RAS binds and activates effector enzymes that control cell proliferation, survival and other cell behaviours. RAS interacts directly with the catalytic subunit of PI3K to activate lipid kinases controlling the activity of downstream enzymes. Some of these kinases have anti-apoptotic activity, playing an important role in the survival signal of RAS. PI3K is also involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and transcription factor pathways. RAS also effects exchange factors causing inhibition of transcription factors from FoxO family, part of promoting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Normal function of these proteins require post-transcriptional modification. Pathway mutations in activation may result in human tumours.

RAS signalling pathway is one of the main pathways to transduce intracellular signals in response to mitogens to controls cell growth, survival and anti-apoptotic programs. RAS proteins are GTP-binding proteins and must be bound to GTP to be active. Active RAS binds and activates effector enzymes that control cell proliferation, survival and other cell behaviours. RAS interacts directly with the catalytic subunit of PI3K to activate lipid kinases controlling the activity of downstream enzymes. Some of these kinases have anti-apoptotic activity, playing an important role in the survival signal of RAS. PI3K is also involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and transcription factor pathways. RAS also effects exchange factors causing inhibition of transcription factors from FoxO family, part of promoting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Normal function of these proteins require post-transcriptional modification. Pathway mutations in activation may result in human tumours.

RAS signalling pathway is one of the main pathways to transduce intracellular signals in response to mitogens to controls cell growth, survival and anti-apoptotic programs. RAS proteins are GTP-binding proteins and must be bound to GTP to be active. Active RAS binds and activates effector enzymes that control cell proliferation, survival and other cell behaviours. RAS interacts directly with the catalytic subunit of PI3K to activate lipid kinases controlling the activity of downstream enzymes. Some of these kinases have anti-apoptotic activity, playing an important role in the survival signal of RAS. PI3K is also involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and transcription factor pathways. RAS also effects exchange factors causing inhibition of transcription factors from FoxO family, part of promoting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Normal function of these proteins require post-transcriptional modification. Pathway mutations in activation may result in human tumours.

Rasagiline is a propargylamine and an irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs). It is indicated in the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease as initial therapy or as adjunct therapy with levodopa. The monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of many amines like serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. There are 2 isoforms of this protein: A and B. The first one is found in cells located in the periphery and breakdown serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine. The second one, the B isoform, breakdowns phenylethylamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine. This isoform is found in the extracellular tissues and mostly in the brain. The mechanism of action of the MAOIs is still not determined, it is thought that they act by increasing free serotonin and norepinephrine concentrations and/or by altering the concentrations of other amines in the CNS. MAO-A inhibition is thought to be more relevant to antidepressant activity than the inhibition caused by MAO B. Selective MAO B inhibitors have no antidepressant effects. The selectivity of rasagiline for inhibiting only MAO-B results in more dopamine in the cytosol and synapse of the neurons in the striatum. The increased dopamine level thus increases the dopaminergic activity. This helps to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson's disease that are caused by low levels of dopamine in the striatum. An overdose of this drug will result in drowsiness, faintness, hyperactivity, hallucinations, respiratory depression, convulsions, and coma. This drug is administered as an oral tablet.