Pathways

Procaine is a slow onset local ester anaesthetic used for local anesthesia, peripheral nerve block and spinal nerve block. Procaine acts mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through voltage gated sodium channels in neuronal membranes of peripheral nerves. It also binds or antagonized NMDA receptors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and serotonin receptor-ion channel complex. Procaine is injected into the tissue and spreads to the nerves through infiltration. In the local post-synaptic neurons, it binds or antagonizes NMDA receptors. This prevents calcium from entering the postsynaptic neuron. This causes hyperpolarization and prevents depolarization, which has an anaesthetic effect on the local tissue

Procaterol is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is used as a bronchodilator. It is a long acting and potent drug that can be taken orally or through inhalation for the treatment of asthma and COPD. The purpose of this drug is to increase the bronchial air flow via G protein signalling upon activation of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor in bronchial smooth muscle cells. Once procaterol is administered and it binds to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, the G protein signalling cascade begins. The alpha and beta/gamma subunits of the G protein separate and GDP is replaced with GTP on the alpha subunit. This alpha subunit then activates adenylyl cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP. cAMP then activates protein kinase A (PKA) which in turn phosphorylates targets and inhibits MLCK through decreased calcium levels causing muscle relaxation. PKA can phosphorylate certain Gq-coupled receptors as well as phospholipase C (PLC) and thereby inhibit G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) -PLC-mediated phosphoinositide (PI) generation, and thus calcium flux. PKA phosphorylates the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor to reduce its affinity for IP3 and further limit calcium mobilization. PKA phosphorylates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and decreases its affinity to calcium calmodulin, thus reducing activity and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Inhibits the phosphorylation of myosin. PKA also phosphorylates KCa++ channels in ASM, increasing their open-state probability (and therefore K+ efflux) and promoting hyperpolarization. Since myosine light chain kinase is not activated, Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase continues to dephosphorylate myosin LC-P, and more cannot be synthesized so myosin remains unbound from actin causing muscle relaxation. This relaxation of the smooth muscles in the lungs causes the bronchial airways to relax which causes bronchodialation, making it easier to breathe. Procaterol is administered via Some side effects of using procaterol may include tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, and fatigue.

Metabolites of Procaterol are predicted with biotransformer.

Prochlorperazine is administered orally. It is a phenothiazine derivative, used in the treatment of schizophrenia and anxiety and to relieve severe nausea and vomiting. Dopamine-antagonizing medications such as prochlorperazine are thought to improve psychotic symptoms and states that are caused by an over-production of dopamine, such as schizophrenia, which is theorized to be caused by a hyperdopaminergic state within the limbic system of the brain. Use of the first-generation antipsychotics (including prochlorperazine) is considered effective for the management of the "positive" symptoms of schizophrenia including hallucinations, hearing voices, aggression/hostility, disorganized speech, and psychomotor agitation. However, this class of drugs is also limited by the development of movement disorders induced by dopamine-blockade such as drug-induced parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia, tardive dyskinesia, as well as other side effects including sedation, weight gain, and prolactin changes. It depresses the chemoreceptor trigger zone and blocking D2 dopamine receptors in the brain. It was shown to also block histaminergic, cholinergic and noradrenergic receptors.

Prochlorperazine is an oral drug that is a phenothiazine derivative, used in the treatment of schizophrenia and anxiety and to relieve severe nausea and vomiting. Dopamine-antagonizing medications such as prochlorperazine are though to improve psychotic symptoms and states that are caused by an over-production of dopamine, such as schizophrenia, which is theorized to be caused by a hyperdopaminergic state within the limbic system of the brain. Use of the first-generation antipsychotics (including prochlorperazine) is considered effective for the management of the "positive" symptoms of schizophrenia including hallucinations, hearing voices, aggression/hostility, disorganized speech, and psychomotor agitation. However, this class of drugs is also limited by the development of movement disorders induced by dopamine-blockade such as drug-induced parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia, tardive dyskinesia, as well as other side effects including sedation, weight gain, and prolactin changes. It is used for the treatment of severe nausea and vomiting. It mainly works by depressing the chemoreceptor trigger zone and blocking D2 dopamine receptors in the brain. It was shown to also block histaminergic, cholinergic and noradrenergic receptors.

Prochlorperazine is administered orally. It is a phenothiazine derivative, used in the treatment of schizophrenia and anxiety and to relieve severe nausea and vomiting. Dopamine-antagonizing medications such as prochlorperazine are thought to improve psychotic symptoms and states that are caused by an over-production of dopamine, such as schizophrenia, which is theorized to be caused by a hyperdopaminergic state within the limbic system of the brain. Use of the first-generation antipsychotics (including prochlorperazine) is considered effective for the management of the "positive" symptoms of schizophrenia including hallucinations, hearing voices, aggression/hostility, disorganized speech, and psychomotor agitation. However, this class of drugs is also limited by the development of movement disorders induced by dopamine-blockade such as drug-induced parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia, tardive dyskinesia, as well as other side effects including sedation, weight gain, and prolactin changes. It depresses the chemoreceptor trigger zone and blocking D2 dopamine receptors in the brain. It was shown to also block histaminergic, cholinergic and noradrenergic receptors.

Procyclidine is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Procyclidine passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney.