PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW132365 View Pathway	metabolic Tolazoline Drug Metabolism Homo sapiens Tolazoline is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Tolazoline passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: September 21, 2023 at 21:14 Last Updated: September 21, 2023 at 21:14
PW144904 View Pathway	drug action Tolazoline Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 14:40 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 14:40
PW127737 View Pathway	drug action Tolbutamide Action Pathway Homo sapiens Tolbutamide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent from the sulfonylurea drug class. This drug is used to treat hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)). It is structurally similar to acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, and tolazamide. Sulfonylureas lower blood glucose in patients with NIDDM by directly stimulating the acute release of insulin from beta cells of pancreatic islet tissue. Sulfonylureas inhibit the ATP-potassium channels by linking with the subunit called the ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 8 on the beta cell membrane and potassium efflux. This binding results in the depolarization of the cell. In consequence, it causes an influx of calcium ions thus releasing the insulin-containing granules by exocytosis. This drug is also an inhibitor of the ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1 presents in the kidney. Its pharmacological action is still unknown. Tolbutamide is administered as an oral tablet. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Daphnee Created On: May 29, 2023 at 16:41 Last Updated: May 29, 2023 at 16:41
PW145213 View Pathway	drug action Tolbutamide Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 15:19 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 15:19
PW144450 View Pathway	drug action Tolcapone Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 13:39 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 13:39
PW176238 View Pathway	metabolic Tolcapone Predicted Metabolism Pathway Homo sapiens Metabolites of Tolcapone are predicted with biotransformer. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: December 04, 2023 at 13:06 Last Updated: December 04, 2023 at 13:06
PW128149 View Pathway	drug action Tolfenamic acid Action Pathway Homo sapiens Tolfenamic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) used to treat pain associated with the acute attack of migraine in adults. This drug binds as an antagonist to both prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 in the cyclooxygenase pathway. The cyclooxygenase pathway begins in the cytosol with phospholipids being converted into arachidonic acid by the action of phospholipase A2. The rest of the pathway occurs on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, where prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 & 2 convert arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2. Prostaglandin H2 can either be converted into thromboxane A2 via thromboxane A synthase, prostacyclin/prostaglandin I2 via prostacyclin synthase, or prostaglandin E2 via prostaglandin E synthase. COX-2 is an inducible enzyme, and during inflammation, it is responsible for prostaglandin synthesis. It leads to the formation of prostaglandin E2 which is responsible for contributing to the inflammatory response by activating immune cells and for increasing pain sensation by acting on pain fibers. The inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 by tolfenamic acid reduces the formation of prostaglandin H2 and therefore, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The low concentration of prostaglandin E2 attenuates the effect it has on stimulating immune cells and pain fibers, consequently reducing inflammation and pain. This drug is administered as an oral tablet. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Daphnee Created On: July 25, 2023 at 12:57 Last Updated: July 25, 2023 at 12:57
PW146040 View Pathway	drug action Tolfenamic acid Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 17:16 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 17:16
PW176443 View Pathway	metabolic Tolfenamic acid Predicted Metabolism Pathway Homo sapiens Metabolites of Tolfenamic acid are predicted with biotransformer. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: December 12, 2023 at 12:54 Last Updated: December 12, 2023 at 12:54
PW122218 View Pathway	protein Toll-Like Receptor Pathway 1 Rattus norvegicus Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are part of the innate immune system. These receptors recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns from different microbes. TLR2 recognizes a variety of PAMPs including lipoproteins, peptidoglycans, lipotechoic acids, and mannan. TLR3 recognizes viral double-stranded RNA, small interfering RNAsa, and self-RNAs. TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharides. TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA. TLR9 recognizes bacterial and viral DNA with unmethylated CpG-DNA motifs. TLRs are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, moved to the Golgi, and then recruited to the cell surface or intracellular compartments. TLRs recruit adaptor molecules such as MYD88, TRIF, TIRAP, or TRAM leading to the activation of transcription factors NF-kappa-B causing innate immune responses. MYD88 is recruited by all TLRs. Adaptor TIRAP recruits MYD88 to cell surface TLRs, including TLR2 and TLR4. TLR signaling molecule IRAK1 activation activates TRAF6 causing the activation of IKK complex then NF-kappa-B and kinases. Activated TRAF6 promotes polyubiquination of TRAF6 and TAK1, TAB1, TAB2 complex. TAK1 activates pathways causing activation of IKK complex and NF-kappa-B and MAPK pathways. The IKK complex phosphorylates and activates IKK-beta. IKK complex also phosphorylates I-kappa-B-alpha allowing dissociation and translocation of NF-kappa-B to the nucleus resulting in proinflammatory gene expression. Activated TAK1 complex also activates p38 and JNK, regulating the activation of AP-1 transcription factors to regulate inflammatory responses. Many transmembrane molecules, such as glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored protein CD14, also regulate TLR signaling pathways. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: September 20, 2018 at 15:04 Last Updated: September 20, 2018 at 15:04