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PW766998

Pw766998 View Pathway
physiological

Test_21031979

Homo sapiens
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Creator: Guest: Anonymous

Created On: December 09, 2025 at 00:48

Last Updated: December 09, 2025 at 00:48

PW766993

Pw766993 View Pathway
metabolic

Coumarin Biosynthesis

Arabidopsis thaliana
This pathway describes the conversion of L-phenylalanine into a diverse suite of coumarins in Arabidopsis thaliana, tracing a major branch of phenylpropanoid metabolism that supports defense, stress adaptation, and iron acquisition. Beginning with the deamination of L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, the pathway proceeds through successive hydroxylation and CoA-activation steps to generate key intermediates such as p-coumarate, caffeate, ferulate, and their corresponding CoA esters. From these central phenylpropanoid nodes, the pathway branches into the biosynthesis of simple and highly oxidized coumarins. Lactonization of caffeoyl-CoA yields esculetin, while hydroxylation and intramolecular cyclization of feruloyl-CoA produce scopoletin, which can be further methylated or oxidized to form scoparone, fraxetin, and finally sideretin, a major coumarin involved in iron mobilization in the rhizosphere. Several alternative or parallel reactions allow interchange between free acids and CoA esters—such as the conversions between p-coumarate, caffeate, p-coumaroyl-CoA, and caffeoyl-CoA—reflecting enzymatic flexibility in the phenylpropanoid network. Together, these reactions form a coherent metabolic route linking amino-acid–derived precursors to specialized coumarin metabolites that play essential biochemical and ecological roles in plants.
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Creator: Megane Kyes

Created On: November 27, 2025 at 10:14

Last Updated: November 27, 2025 at 10:14

PW766978

Pw766978 View Pathway
signaling

PANoptosis

Homo sapiens
PANoptosis emerges as a major integrated cell-death response driven by excitotoxicity, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. During ischemia and reperfusion, excessive glutamate release overstimulates NMDA receptors, causing massive Ca²⁺ influx into neurons and mitochondrial overload. This leads to mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, cytochrome c release, and ROS generation, priming the cell for apoptosis and amplifying inflammatory signaling. Meanwhile, damage-associated molecular patterns generated during stroke activate ZBP1, which in turn triggers assembly of the PANoptosome, a multiprotein platform containing ASC, Caspase-8, and the RIP1–RIP3 complex. Once active, the PANoptosome coordinates apoptosis (via Caspase-8 and Caspase-3), pyroptosis (via ASC-mediated Caspase-1 activation leading to Gasdermin-D pores and cytokine release), and necroptosis (via RIP1–RIP3–MLKL–mediated membrane rupture). In stroke, this convergence of mitochondrial injury, Ca²⁺ dysregulation, and innate immune activation makes PANoptosis a potent driver of neuronal loss and secondary inflammation, contributing to the worsening of tissue damage beyond the initial ischemic event.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Megane Kyes

Created On: November 10, 2025 at 09:47

Last Updated: November 10, 2025 at 09:47

PW766004

Pw766004 View Pathway
metabolic

Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z))

Escherichia coli
Phospholipids are membrane components in E. coli. The major phospholipids of E. coli are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. All phospholipids contain sn-glycerol-3-phosphate esterified with fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The reaction starts from a glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) produced in glycolysis. The glycerone phosphate is transformed into an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glycerol 3 phosphate) by NADPH-driven glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed to a 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid). This can be achieved by an sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase that interacts either with a long-chain acyl-CoA or with an acyl-[acp]. The 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed into a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid) through a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. This compound is then converted into a CPD-diacylglycerol through a CTP phosphatidate cytididyltransferase. CPD-diacylglycerol can be transformed either into an L-1-phosphatidylserine or an L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate through a phosphatidylserine synthase or a phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, respectively. The L-1-phosphatidylserine transforms into L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine through a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. On the other hand, L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate gets transformed into an L-1-phosphatidyl-glycerol through a phosphatidylglycerophosphatase. These 2 products combine to produce a cardiolipin and an ethanolamine. The L-1 phosphatidyl-glycerol can also interact with cardiolipin synthase resulting in a glycerol and a cardiolipin.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Ray Kruger

Created On: September 07, 2025 at 00:57

Last Updated: September 07, 2025 at 00:57

PW766003

Pw766003 View Pathway
metabolic

Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z))

Escherichia coli
Phospholipids are membrane components in E. coli. The major phospholipids of E. coli are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. All phospholipids contain sn-glycerol-3-phosphate esterified with fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The reaction starts from a glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) produced in glycolysis. The glycerone phosphate is transformed into an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glycerol 3 phosphate) by NADPH-driven glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed to a 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid). This can be achieved by an sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase that interacts either with a long-chain acyl-CoA or with an acyl-[acp]. The 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed into a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid) through a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. This compound is then converted into a CPD-diacylglycerol through a CTP phosphatidate cytididyltransferase. CPD-diacylglycerol can be transformed either into an L-1-phosphatidylserine or an L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate through a phosphatidylserine synthase or a phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, respectively. The L-1-phosphatidylserine transforms into L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine through a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. On the other hand, L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate gets transformed into an L-1-phosphatidyl-glycerol through a phosphatidylglycerophosphatase. These 2 products combine to produce a cardiolipin and an ethanolamine. The L-1 phosphatidyl-glycerol can also interact with cardiolipin synthase resulting in a glycerol and a cardiolipin.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Ray Kruger

Created On: September 07, 2025 at 00:55

Last Updated: September 07, 2025 at 00:55

PW766002

Pw766002 View Pathway
metabolic

Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:1(9Z))

Escherichia coli
Phospholipids are membrane components in E. coli. The major phospholipids of E. coli are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. All phospholipids contain sn-glycerol-3-phosphate esterified with fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The reaction starts from a glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) produced in glycolysis. The glycerone phosphate is transformed into an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glycerol 3 phosphate) by NADPH-driven glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed to a 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid). This can be achieved by an sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase that interacts either with a long-chain acyl-CoA or with an acyl-[acp]. The 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed into a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid) through a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. This compound is then converted into a CPD-diacylglycerol through a CTP phosphatidate cytididyltransferase. CPD-diacylglycerol can be transformed either into an L-1-phosphatidylserine or an L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate through a phosphatidylserine synthase or a phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, respectively. The L-1-phosphatidylserine transforms into L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine through a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. On the other hand, L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate gets transformed into an L-1-phosphatidyl-glycerol through a phosphatidylglycerophosphatase. These 2 products combine to produce a cardiolipin and an ethanolamine. The L-1 phosphatidyl-glycerol can also interact with cardiolipin synthase resulting in a glycerol and a cardiolipin.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Ray Kruger

Created On: September 07, 2025 at 00:54

Last Updated: September 07, 2025 at 00:54

PW766001

Pw766001 View Pathway
metabolic

Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:0)

Escherichia coli
Phospholipids are membrane components in E. coli. The major phospholipids of E. coli are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. All phospholipids contain sn-glycerol-3-phosphate esterified with fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The reaction starts from a glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) produced in glycolysis. The glycerone phosphate is transformed into an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glycerol 3 phosphate) by NADPH-driven glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed to a 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid). This can be achieved by an sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase that interacts either with a long-chain acyl-CoA or with an acyl-[acp]. The 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed into a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid) through a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. This compound is then converted into a CPD-diacylglycerol through a CTP phosphatidate cytididyltransferase. CPD-diacylglycerol can be transformed either into an L-1-phosphatidylserine or an L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate through a phosphatidylserine synthase or a phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, respectively. The L-1-phosphatidylserine transforms into L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine through a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. On the other hand, L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate gets transformed into an L-1-phosphatidyl-glycerol through a phosphatidylglycerophosphatase. These 2 products combine to produce a cardiolipin and an ethanolamine. The L-1 phosphatidyl-glycerol can also interact with cardiolipin synthase resulting in a glycerol and a cardiolipin.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Ray Kruger

Created On: September 07, 2025 at 00:53

Last Updated: September 07, 2025 at 00:53

PW766000

Pw766000 View Pathway
metabolic

Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/16:1(9Z))

Escherichia coli
Phospholipids are membrane components in E. coli. The major phospholipids of E. coli are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. All phospholipids contain sn-glycerol-3-phosphate esterified with fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The reaction starts from a glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) produced in glycolysis. The glycerone phosphate is transformed into an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glycerol 3 phosphate) by NADPH-driven glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed to a 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid). This can be achieved by an sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase that interacts either with a long-chain acyl-CoA or with an acyl-[acp]. The 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed into a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid) through a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. This compound is then converted into a CPD-diacylglycerol through a CTP phosphatidate cytididyltransferase. CPD-diacylglycerol can be transformed either into an L-1-phosphatidylserine or an L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate through a phosphatidylserine synthase or a phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, respectively. The L-1-phosphatidylserine transforms into L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine through a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. On the other hand, L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate gets transformed into an L-1-phosphatidyl-glycerol through a phosphatidylglycerophosphatase. These 2 products combine to produce a cardiolipin and an ethanolamine. The L-1 phosphatidyl-glycerol can also interact with cardiolipin synthase resulting in a glycerol and a cardiolipin.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Ray Kruger

Created On: September 07, 2025 at 00:51

Last Updated: September 07, 2025 at 00:51

PW765999

Pw765999 View Pathway
metabolic

Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/16:0)

Escherichia coli
Phospholipids are membrane components in E. coli. The major phospholipids of E. coli are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. All phospholipids contain sn-glycerol-3-phosphate esterified with fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The reaction starts from a glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) produced in glycolysis. The glycerone phosphate is transformed into an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glycerol 3 phosphate) by NADPH-driven glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed to a 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid). This can be achieved by an sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase that interacts either with a long-chain acyl-CoA or with an acyl-[acp]. The 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed into a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid) through a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. This compound is then converted into a CPD-diacylglycerol through a CTP phosphatidate cytididyltransferase. CPD-diacylglycerol can be transformed either into an L-1-phosphatidylserine or an L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate through a phosphatidylserine synthase or a phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, respectively. The L-1-phosphatidylserine transforms into L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine through a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. On the other hand, L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate gets transformed into an L-1-phosphatidyl-glycerol through a phosphatidylglycerophosphatase. These 2 products combine to produce a cardiolipin and an ethanolamine. The L-1 phosphatidyl-glycerol can also interact with cardiolipin synthase resulting in a glycerol and a cardiolipin.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Ray Kruger

Created On: September 07, 2025 at 00:50

Last Updated: September 07, 2025 at 00:50

PW765998

Pw765998 View Pathway
metabolic

Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/14:0)

Escherichia coli
Phospholipids are membrane components in E. coli. The major phospholipids of E. coli are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. All phospholipids contain sn-glycerol-3-phosphate esterified with fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The reaction starts from a glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) produced in glycolysis. The glycerone phosphate is transformed into an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glycerol 3 phosphate) by NADPH-driven glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed to a 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid). This can be achieved by an sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase that interacts either with a long-chain acyl-CoA or with an acyl-[acp]. The 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed into a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid) through a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. This compound is then converted into a CPD-diacylglycerol through a CTP phosphatidate cytididyltransferase. CPD-diacylglycerol can be transformed either into an L-1-phosphatidylserine or an L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate through a phosphatidylserine synthase or a phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, respectively. The L-1-phosphatidylserine transforms into L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine through a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. On the other hand, L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate gets transformed into an L-1-phosphatidyl-glycerol through a phosphatidylglycerophosphatase. These 2 products combine to produce a cardiolipin and an ethanolamine. The L-1 phosphatidyl-glycerol can also interact with cardiolipin synthase resulting in a glycerol and a cardiolipin.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Ray Kruger

Created On: September 07, 2025 at 00:49

Last Updated: September 07, 2025 at 00:49