2263PathwayValine DegradationThe degradation of valine starts either in the mitochondria or the cytosol. L-valine reacts with 2-oxoglutarate through a branch-chain amino acid aminotransferase resulting in the release of L-glutamate and 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate. The latter compound reacts with 2-oxoisovalerate carboxy-lyase resulting in the release of carbon dioxide and isobutanal. Isobutanal can then be turned into isobutanol through a alcohol dehydrogenaseMetabolicPW002489CenterPathwayVisualizationContext277519102487#000099PathwayVisualization22462263Valine DegradationThe degradation of valine starts either in the mitochondria or the cytosol. L-valine reacts with 2-oxoglutarate through a branch-chain amino acid aminotransferase resulting in the release of L-glutamate and 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate. The latter compound reacts with 2-oxoisovalerate carboxy-lyase resulting in the release of carbon dioxide and isobutanal. Isobutanal can then be turned into isobutanol through a alcohol dehydrogenaseMetabolic1852741478472Barnett JA: Some controls on oligosaccharide utilization by yeasts: the physiological basis of the Kluyver effect. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1992 Dec 15;100(1-3):371-8.2263Pathway52758325383Dickinson JR, Norte V: A study of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase and isolation of mutations affecting the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett. 1993 Jul 12;326(1-3):29-32.2263Pathway52769748245Dickinson JR, Harrison SJ, Hewlins MJ: An investigation of the metabolism of valine to isobutyl alcohol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 2;273(40):25751-6.2263Pathway527712902239Vuralhan Z, Morais MA, Tai SL, Piper MD, Pronk JT: Identification and characterization of phenylpyruvate decarboxylase genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Aug;69(8):4534-41.2263Pathway1CellCL:00000006MyocyteCL:00001875HepatocyteCL:00001823NeuronCL:00005401Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia425Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote29Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c)559292EukaryoteBaker's yeast7Chlamydomonas reinhardtii3055Eukaryote5CytoplasmGO:00057373Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575931Periplasmic SpaceGO:00056201CytosolGO:00058292MitochondrionGO:000573935ChloroplastGO:000950713Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578324Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:00057584PeroxisomeGO:000577710Cell MembraneGO:00058866LysosomeGO:000576411Extracellular SpaceGO:00056157Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578912Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574314Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574136MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032532Inner MembraneGO:007025825Golgi apparatusGO:000579416Lysosomal LumenGO:00432021LiverBTO:00007597299MuscleBTO:00008871411824BrainBTO:0000142891628StomachBTO:0001307155268Blood VesselBTO:000110274114Adrenal MedullaBTO:00000497188511PW_BS0000084311PW_BS000004107313PW_BS00010710813PW_BS0001081873118PW_BS000024224241PW_BS000024151141PW_BS0001512253541PW_BS000024310312PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS0000241333121PW_BS0001331115121PW_BS000111122551PW_BS000122406351PW_BS0001151355171PW_BS0001351203171PW_BS0001204793101PW_BS000115501361PW_BS0001152111PW_BS0000023211PW_BS000003181311PW_BS000018311511PW_BS000031422411PW_BS0000425411PW_BS000005509516PW_BS000050261115PW_BS000026541315PW_BS000054103331PW_BS000103117131PW_BS0001171181171PW_BS0001181321121PW_BS0001321471241PW_BS0001471553241PW_BS0001551572241PW_BS0001571613181PW_BS0001611783211PW_BS00017885241011PW_BS000085222341PW_BS00002422014PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242892491PW_BS000024253541PW_BS0000241122121PW_BS00011212915121PW_BS00012934524121PW_BS00002834695126PW_BS00002832711125PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS0000283344121PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS000028943PW_BS000094124151PW_BS000124407251PW_BS0001154141551PW_BS0001154182451PW_BS000115408451PW_BS0001154239556PW_BS0001154241155PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS0001151192171PW_BS00011945015171PW_BS00011545424171PW_BS0001153744171PW_BS00005345895176PW_BS00011545911175PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS0000244812101PW_BS0001152975101PW_BS00002448924101PW_BS0001154824101PW_BS000115388161PW_BS000112206261PW_BS000024205561PW_BS0000245062461PW_BS000115502461PW_BS00011511PW_BS00000114101PW_BS0000149611PW_BS0000091136121PW_BS000113105113PW_BS000105188118PW_BS00002472513PW_BS000072711113PW_BS000071207661PW_BS0000242905491PW_BS0000243201123PW_BS000024126651PW_BS0001264436171PW_BS0001153016101PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS00016315111PW_BS00001549711PW_BS000049171211PW_BS000017221411PW_BS000022101711PW_BS0000107028511PW_BS000070100521PW_BS00010015924PW_BS00015916611PW_BS00016615284PW_BS000152101531PW_BS000101219314PW_BS0000242137181PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS0000241601181PW_BS00016017018PW_BS000170226441PW_BS00002416212181PW_BS0001621951318PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS0000243125231PW_BS00002429341PW_BS00002413412121PW_BS0001343317121PW_BS0000281141112PW_BS00011413013121PW_BS00013030412PW_BS000024383751PW_BS000100390761PW_BS0001123987171PW_BS0001133361121PW_BS000028109323PW_BS000109409115PW_BS0001153841251PW_BS0001001251351PW_BS0001251371117PW_BS00013712112171PW_BS00012113613171PW_BS0001364831110PW_BS0001154957101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS00011530013101PW_BS000024208116PW_BS0000243911261PW_BS0001123951361PW_BS00011313121PW_BS000013204111PW_BS000020432511PW_BS0000431901118PW_BS0000242771218PW_BS0000243331212PW_BS00002834141121PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS000028412125PW_BS0001154192551PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS00011529111PW_BS0000292811611PW_BS0000286131PW_BS000006951721PW_BS0000951231751PW_BS00012314117191PW_BS0001412164181PW_BS00002429817101PW_BS00002433217121PW_BS000028429151PW_BS00011544717171PW_BS0001154641171PW_BS0001157081291PW_BS000512644171PW_BS000508704L-ValineHMDB0000883Valine (abbreviated as Val or V) is an -amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH(CH3)2. It is named after the plant valerian. L-Valine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar. Along with leucine and isoleucine, valine is a branched-chain amino acid. Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a branch point. These three amino acids are critical to human life and are particularly involved in stress, energy and muscle metabolism. BCAA supplementation as therapy, both oral and intravenous, in human health and disease holds great promise. "BCAA" denotes valine, isoleucine and leucine which are branched chain essential amino acids. Despite their structural similarities, the branched amino acids have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates, leucine solely to fats and isoleucine to both. The different metabolism accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine respectively. Furthermore, these amino acids have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. Many types of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism exist, and are marked by various abnormalities. The most common form is the maple syrup urine disease, marked by a characteristic urinary odor. Other abnormalities are associated with a wide range of symptoms, such as mental retardation, ataxia, hypoglycemia, spinal muscle atrophy, rash, vomiting and excessive muscle movement. Most forms of BCAA metabolism errors are corrected by dietary restriction of BCAA and at least one form is correctable by supplementation with 10 mg of biotin daily. BCAA are decreased in patients with liver disease, such as hepatitis, hepatic coma, cirrhosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia or portacaval shunt; aromatic amino acids (AAA)tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine, as well as methionineare increased in these conditions. Valine in particular, has been established as a useful supplemental therapy to the ailing liver. All the BCAA probably compete with AAA for absorption into the brain. Supplemental BCAA with vitamin B6 and zinc help normalize the BCAA:AAA ratio. (http://www.dcnutrition.com). In sickle-cell disease, valine substitutes for the hydrophilic amino acid glutamic acid in hemoglobin. Because valine is hydrophobic, the hemoglobin does not fold correctly. Valine is an essential amino acid, hence it must be ingested, usually as a component of proteins.72-18-4C00183628716414VAL6050DB00161CC(C)[C@H](N)C(O)=OC5H11NO2InChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-3(2)4(6)5(7)8/h3-4H,6H2,1-2H3,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N(2S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid117.1463117.0789786010.262L-valine00FDB000465(2s)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoate;(2s)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid;(s)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoate;(s)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid;(s)-2-amino-3-methylbutyrate;(s)-2-amino-3-methylbutyric acid;(s)-2-amino-3-methyl-butanoate;(s)-2-amino-3-methyl-butanoic acid;(s)-valine;(s)-a-amino-b-methylbutyrate;(s)-a-amino-b-methylbutyric acid;(s)-alpha-amino-beta-methylbutyrate;(s)-alpha-amino-beta-methylbutyric acid;2-amino-3-methylbutanoate;2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid;2-amino-3-methylbutyrate;2-amino-3-methylbutyric acid;L-(+)-a-aminoisovalerate;L-(+)-a-aminoisovaleric acid;L-(+)-alpha-aminoisovalerate;L-(+)-alpha-aminoisovaleric acid;L-valine;L-a-amino-b-methylbutyrate;L-a-amino-b-methylbutyric acid;L-alpha-amino-beta-methylbutyrate;L-alpha-amino-beta-methylbutyric acid;Valine;L-valin;V;ValPW_C000704Val16518231345653107565410871441879069224907015190712254225831042541315425603187862513379178111121540122122254406124098135124807120126416479127982501134Oxoglutaric acidHMDB0000208Oxoglutaric acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutarate, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, AKG, or 2-oxoglutaric acid, is classified as a gamma-keto acid or a gamma-keto acid derivative. gamma-Keto acids are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the C4 carbon atom. alpha-Ketoglutarate is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic. alpha-Ketoglutarate is a key molecule in the TCA cycle, playing a fundamental role in determining the overall rate of this important metabolic process (PMID: 26759695). In the TCA cycle, AKG is decarboxylated to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide by AKG dehydrogenase, which functions as a key control point of the TCA cycle. Additionally, AKG can be generated from isocitrate by oxidative decarboxylation catalyzed by the enzyme known as isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). In addition to these routes of production, AKG can be produced from glutamate by oxidative deamination via glutamate dehydrogenase, and as a product of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transamination reactions (mediated by branched-chain amino acid transaminases) in which glutamate is a common amino donor. AKG is a nitrogen scavenger and a source of glutamate and glutamine that stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation in muscles. In particular, AKG can decrease protein catabolism and increase protein synthesis to enhance bone tissue formation in skeletal muscles (PMID: 26759695). Interestingly, enteric feeding of AKG supplements can significantly increase circulating plasma levels of hormones such as insulin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (PMID: 26759695). It has recently been shown that AKG can extend the lifespan of adult C. elegans by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR (PMID: 24828042). In combination with molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate is required for the hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline in the production of type I collagen. A recent study has shown that alpha-ketoglutarate promotes TH1 differentiation along with the depletion of glutamine thereby favouring Treg (regulatory T-cell) differentiation (PMID: 26420908). alpha-Ketoglutarate has been found to be associated with fumarase deficiency, 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex deficiency, and D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which are all inborn errors of metabolism (PMID: 8338207).328-50-7C0002651309152-KETOGLUTARATE50DB02926OC(=O)CCC(=O)C(O)=OC5H6O5InChI=1S/C5H6O5/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)KPGXRSRHYNQIFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N2-oxopentanedioic acid146.0981146.021523302-0.442oxoglutarate0-2FDB0033612-ketoglutarate;2-ketoglutaric acid;2-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate;2-oxo-1,5-pentanedioic acid;2-oxoglutarate;2-oxoglutaric acid;2-oxopentanedioate;2-oxopentanedioic acid;Oxoglutarate;Alpha-ketoglutaric acid;Oxoglutaric acid;A-ketoglutarate;A-ketoglutaric acid;Alpha-ketoglutarate;α-ketoglutarate;α-ketoglutaric acidPW_C000134AKG152423141414684991867331110842126351447501455261467545375103541411754381185564132600814760361556069157609216164821786530857471222751522475191518209225837422011863198126812897705425377135133774811117752311277746129779673457797034677976327779843477842533480018368806941351131629411997240612002212412008440712017412212055241412081441812098940812114642312115242412116042512275712012283111912318645012339945412355437412371845812372445912373246012535747912540029912545548112553329712580048912592948212690050112694038812699320612706620512725550612738850295L-Glutamic acidHMDB0000148Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the essential amino acids. Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel or other functional roles in the body. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: * Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. * Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimer's disease. glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid).56-86-0C000253303216015GLT30572DB00142N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=OC5H9NO4InChI=1S/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N(2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid147.1293147.053157781-0.263L-glutamic acid0-1FDB012535(2s)-2-aminopentanedioate;(2s)-2-aminopentanedioic acid;(s)-(+)-glutamate;(s)-(+)-glutamic acid;(s)-2-aminopentanedioate;(s)-2-aminopentanedioic acid;(s)-glutamate;(s)-glutamic acid;1-amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylate;1-amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid;1-aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylate;1-aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid;2-aminoglutarate;2-aminoglutaric acid;2-aminopentanedioate;2-aminopentanedioic acid;Aciglut;Aminoglutarate;Aminoglutaric acid;E;Glt;Glu;Glusate;Glut;Glutacid;Glutamicol;Glutamidex;Glutaminate;Glutaminic acid;Glutaminol;Glutaton;L-(+)-glutamate;L-(+)-glutamic acid;L-glu;L-glutamate;L-glutaminate;L-glutaminic acid;L-a-aminoglutarate;L-a-aminoglutaric acid;L-alpha-aminoglutarate;L-alpha-aminoglutaric acid;A-aminoglutarate;A-aminoglutaric acid;A-glutamate;A-glutamic acid;Alpha-aminoglutarate;Alpha-aminoglutaric acid;Alpha-glutamate;Alpha-glutamic acid;Acide glutamique;Acido glutamico;Acidum glutamicum;Glutamate;Glutamic acid;L-glutaminsaeurePW_C000095Glu1624436581191138416414969911054214485014562614625453231115344113541511754391185565132563110756321085859105600614760711576191946531856838187684418870927270937171652057182207751422475181518208225837322011792198118551611200422212621311268328912697290423483154234931842845320770202537733213377525112779713467797732777981347782913458064913512002312412004012212008640712034740612069212612081641812114742312115342412115742512283311912299712012329944312340145412371945812372545912372946012540129912541829712545748112566747912576930112580248912694138812699520612716250112725750612α-Ketoisovaleric acidHMDB0000019alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids. alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of alpha-ketoisovaleric acid are associated with maple syrup urine disease. MSUD is a metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), leading to a buildup of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and their toxic by-products (ketoacids) in the blood and urine. The symptoms of MSUD often show in infancy and lead to severe brain damage if untreated. MSUD may also present later depending on the severity of the disease. If left untreated in older individuals, during times of metabolic crisis, symptoms of the condition include uncharacteristically inappropriate, extreme, or erratic behaviour and moods, hallucinations, anorexia, weight loss, anemia, diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, lethargy, oscillating hypertonia and hypotonia, ataxia, seizures, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, opisthotonus, pancreatitis, rapid neurological decline, and coma. In maple syrup urine disease, the brain concentration of branched-chain ketoacids can increase 10- to 20-fold. This leads to a depletion of glutamate and a consequent reduction in the concentration of brain glutamine, aspartate, alanine, and other amino acids. The result is a compromise of energy metabolism because of a failure of the malate-aspartate shuttle and a diminished rate of protein synthesis (PMID: 15930465). alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid is a keto-acid, which is a subclass of organic acids. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated MSUD. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development.759-05-7C0014149165302-KETO-ISOVALERATE48DB04074CC(C)C(=O)C(O)=OC5H8O3InChI=1S/C5H8O3/c1-3(2)4(6)5(7)8/h3H,1-2H3,(H,7,8)QHKABHOOEWYVLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid116.1152116.047344122-0.591α-ketoisovalerate0-1FDB0122502-keto-3-methylbutyrate;2-keto-3-methylbutyric acid;2-ketoisovalerate;2-ketoisovaleric acid;2-ketoisvaleric acid;2-oxo-3-methyl-butyrate;2-oxo-3-methylbutanoate;2-oxo-3-methylbutanoic acid;2-oxo-3-methylbutyrate;2-oxo-3-methylbutyric acid;2-oxoisovalerate;2-oxoisovaleric acid;3-methyl-2-oxo-butanoate;3-methyl-2-oxo-butanoic acid;3-methyl-2-oxo-butyrate;3-methyl-2-oxo-butyric acid;3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate;3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid;3-methyl-2-oxobutinoate;3-methyl-2-oxobutinoic acid;3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate;3-methyl-2-oxobutyric acid;Dimethylpyruvate;Dimethylpyruvic acid;Isopropylglyoxylate;Isopropylglyoxylic acid;Ketovaline;A-keto-isovalerate;A-keto-isovaleric acid;A-keto-b-methylbutyrate;A-keto-b-methylbutyric acid;A-ketoisovalerate;A-ketoisovaleric acid;A-oxo-b-methylbutyrate;A-oxo-b-methylbutyric acid;A-oxoisovalerate;A-oxoisovaleric acid;Alpha-keto-isovalerate;Alpha-keto-isovaleric acid;Alpha-keto-beta-methylbutyrate;Alpha-keto-beta-methylbutyric acid;Alpha-ketoisovalerate;Alpha-ketoisovaleric acid;Alpha-oxo-beta-methylbutyrate;Alpha-oxo-beta-methylbutyric acid;Alpha-oxoisovalerate;Alpha-oxoisovaleric acid;2-ketovaline;Alpha-ketovaline;Alpha-oxo-beta-methylbutyricacid;α-keto-isovalerate;α-keto-isovaleric acid;A-ketovaline;α-ketovaline;A-oxo-b-methylbutyricacid;α-oxo-β-methylbutyricacid;α-oxoisovalerate;α-oxoisovaleric acidPW_C000012Ketoval165285784108706418875811639068220426383157917911112154112212409913540034Hydrogen IonHMDB0059597Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [WikiPedia])C000801038153781010[H+]HInChI=1S/p+1GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-Nhydron1.00791.0078250320hydron10H+;H(+);Hydrogen cation;Hydron;ProtonPW_C040034H+2154670875315788318483111621463261464542231492780174250224254424547104576184694705241103532711153531125626108563910756991005720105574211759631476037155607015760931616130159623216664831786601152669210168431886910187710016371682057191206745321974542207472222752521375322107558212757216075901708195225821815182432268413162842022491391959155249119151641201528112181285122462861226628712521227132572231332529415330308423293154235431842401322424053124245432076912293771361337721013477372331778041147795513277990327779913477837934579929130800193688038731080388304807221199382312494823383110550388112855941132803901155373981155391181158563361162051091199734061201934071205491221205934091211704241211714251225694181226153841226871251227581201231831351232181371237424591237434601251414541251881211252731361253594791255504811257304831257362971258092991265174951267174891267664801268233001269025011272132081283085061283613911284303951316Carbon dioxideHMDB0001967Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend on living and decaying plants for food, either directly or indirectly. It is, therefore, a major component of the carbon cycle. Additionally, carbon dioxide is used by plants during photosynthesis to make sugars which may either be consumed again in respiration or used as the raw material to produce polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose, proteins and the wide variety of other organic compounds required for plant growth and development. When inhaled at concentrations much higher than usual atmospheric levels, it can produce a sour taste in the mouth and a stinging sensation in the nose and throat. These effects result from the gas dissolving in the mucous membranes and saliva, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation in beer and sparkling wine comes about through natural fermentation, but some manufacturers carbonate these drinks artificially.124-38-9C0001128016526274O=C=OCO2InChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-Nmethanedione44.009543.9898292440.630carbon dioxide00DBMET00423FDB014084Carbon oxide;Carbon-12 dioxide;Carbonic acid anhydride;Carbonic acid gas;Carbonic anhydride;[co2];Co2;E 290;E-290;E290;R-744PW_C001316CO25081211204448013503186403677316952080651133431638491745225511731447052831035320111575010857711015968100602615560781616471178663710769221907017160703516370611887163205730819873332137461222753021082152258223151915824911849277119081701246422612688290426263154352331876994293771221337717013277470333777391127775012977763341780771347840535678427334789413317922713080008368806751198071713594836384113291391115549121119954406120089122120155407120364412120556414120833419120922124120991408121284125121505383122744120123011446123190450123418455123489118123556374123855136124063398125344479125460297125516481125824490125870299125931482126280480126887501127052206127277507127331388127390502124382-MethylpropanalHMDB00312432-Methylpropanal is found in alcoholic beverages. 2-Methylpropanal is found in tea, beer, sake, brandy, fresh fruits (apple, banana, cherry etc.), breads, cooked pork, and spearmint oil
2-Methylpropanal belongs to the family of Aldehydes. These are organic compounds containing the aldehyde functional group.78-84-2C032196561489436313CC(C)C=OC4H8OInChI=1S/C4H8O/c1-4(2)3-5/h3-4H,1-2H3AMIMRNSIRUDHCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N2-methylpropanal72.105772.057514878-0.130isobutyraldehyde00C032192-methyl-propanal;2-methyl-1-propanal;2-methyl-propionaldehyde;2-methylpropanal (isobutanal);2-methylpropanal oxime;2-methylpropionaldehyde;Butyric iso aldehyde;Fema 2220;Iso-c3h7cho;Iso-butyraldehyde;Isobutaldehyde;Isobutanal;Isobutyl aldehy de;Isobutyl aldehyde;Isobutylaldehyde;Isobutyral;Isobutyraldehyd;Isobutyraldehyde;Isobutyraldehyde oxime;Isobutyric aldehyde;Isobutyryl aldehyde;Isopropyl aldehyde;Isopropyl formaldehyde;Isopropylaldehyde;Isopropylformaldehyde;Methyl propanal;Methylpropanal;So-butyl aldehyde;Valine aldehyde;Alpha -methylpropionaldehyde;Alpha-methylpropionaldehyde;A-methylpropionaldehyde;α-methylpropionaldehydePW_C0124382Methy1144NADHHMDB0001487NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed).58-68-4C0000443915316908NADH388299DB00157NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H29N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H29N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,33)(H,34,35)(H,36,37)(H2,22,24,25)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy})phosphinic acid665.441665.124771695-2.358NADH0-2FDB0226491,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dpnh;Dihydrocodehydrogenase i;Dihydrocozymase;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide;Enada;Nadh;Nadh2;Reduced codehydrogenase i;Reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Reduced nicotinamide adenine diphosphate;Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide;B-dpnh;B-nadh;Beta-dpnh;Beta-nadh;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced);Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidePW_C001144NADH143415334908648101115212755146954223049278117283629310994806184812184821284904649593151699552401035332111535811254661235479125559313556981005737108582914159151475945151602715560791616387164721786771117689316070111887099163717220571952067462222824422683602259086224118091981182121612320249130032981301530013255223424033224261831577107132771231337720813477371331776513367766833477700332777071307791711377986347800093688069111993822124110549388112854941158381181199554061201724071203781221209864081211624251212441261216934291218183831226163841227451201231274471231381361235513741237344601238144431242424641243713981251891211253454791255314811257622971258082991259264821265164951267674801268885011273855021280903901283623911284293952618IsobutanolHMDB0006006Isobutanol is an aliphatic alcohol. Isobutanol is a colorless, flammable, organic compound with a characteristic smell. Isobutanol is widely used in industry, as a solvent in chemical reactions, as well as being a useful starting material for organic synthesis. Isobutanol is a flammable liquid that should be stored and used in well-ventilated areas. It is moderately irritating to the skin and greatly irritating to the eyes, mucous membranes and respiratory tract. Exposure to high concentrations of its vapour can cause temporary narcosis. Isobutanol is occasionally found as a volatile component of urine and arises from gut microbial metabolism. Isobutanol is used as one of the markers to measure occupational exposure to a mixture of solvents. Aliphatic alcohols levels increase in both diabetes mellitus and insulin-dependent diabetes patients. (PMID: 5556886, 2477620, 9143482, 7627316, 2288731).78-83-1C14710656046645ISOBUTANOL6312CC(C)COC4H10OInChI=1S/C4H10O/c1-4(2)3-5/h4-5H,3H2,1-2H3ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N2-methylpropan-1-ol74.121674.0731649420.281isobutanol00FDB0032741-hydroxymethylpropane;2-methyl propanol;2-methyl-1-propanol;2-methyl-1-propanyl alcohol;2-methylpropan-1-ol;2-methylpropanoi;2-methylpropanol;2-methylpropanol-1;2-methylpropyl alcohol;Alcool isobutylique;I-butanol;I-butyl alcohol;Iba;Iso-butyl alcohol;Isobutanol;Isopropyl carbitol;Isopropylcarbinol;Methyl-2 propanol-1;Isobutyl alcohol;Iso-c4h9oh;IsobutylalkoholPW_C002618Isobuta721NADHMDB0000902NAD (or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be converted to ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it by cellular respiration. (wikipedia). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed).53-84-9C00003589315846NAD5682NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H28N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-O1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium664.433664.116946663-2.5981-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium1-1FDB0223093-carbamoyl-1-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide;Co-i;Codehydrase i;Codehydrogenase i;Coenzyme i;Cozymase;Cozymase i;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidized;Endopride;Nad trihydrate;Nad-oxidized;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Nicotinamide dinucleotide;Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide;Oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Pyridine nucleotide diphosphate;[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl {[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxyphosphoryl) hydrogen phosphate;[adenylate-32-p]-nad;Beta-diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Beta-nad;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide trihydrate;Dpn;Nad;Nad+;Nadide;B-nad;β-nadPW_C000721NAD1404150335386511011142113443127351466542229492779172835293107948071848131848192849026496031516795523810353341115360112546912354821255590135561011856961005738108582714159121475942151602415560721576076161638516469178677211768901607012188709716371742057197206740519874592228241226835922590852241181921612322249130062981301830013256223424043224261931577104132771201337720913477370331776503367766733477702332777091307791511377983347784063568000636880690119938251241105523881127501661128539411992912211995240612017140712083441912098440812115942512124212612125942912181738312261438412274212012313044712314113612341945512354937412373146012381244312382946412437039812518712112531929712534247912553048112580629912582549012592448212651549512676548012688550112727850712738350212808939012836039112842839510936Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrialP38891Involved in the biosynthesis of the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Catalyzes the formation of methionine from 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMTB) in the methionine salvage pathway primarily using branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) as the amino donors. Appears to be involved in the regulation of the transition from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle.BAT1292.6.1.42784016310937Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolicP47176
Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Catalyzes the formation of methionine from 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMTB) in the methionine salvage pathway primarily using branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) as well as lysine and proline as the amino donors. Involved in cell cycle regulation.
BAT2292.6.1.42784116010761Pyruvate decarboxylase isozyme 1P06169
Major of three pyruvate decarboxylases (PDC1, PDC5, PDC6) implicated in the nonoxidative conversion of pyruvate to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide during alcoholic fermentation. Most of the produced acetaldehyde is subsequently reduced to ethanol, but some is required for cytosolic acetyl-CoA production for biosynthetic pathways. The enzyme is also one of five 2-oxo acid decarboxylases (PDC1, PDC5, PDC6, ARO10, and THI3) able to decarboxylate more complex 2-oxo acids (alpha-ketoacids) than pyruvate, which seem mainly involved in amino acid catabolism. Here the enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of amino acids, which, in a first step, have been transaminated to the corresponding 2-oxo acids. In a third step, the resulting aldehydes are reduced to alcohols, collectively referred to as fusel oils or alcohols. Its preferred substrates are the transaminated amino acids valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, whereas leucine is no substrate. In a side-reaction the carbanionic intermediate (or active aldehyde) generated by decarboxylation or by activation of an aldehyde can react with an aldehyde via condensation (or carboligation) yielding a 2-hydroxy ketone, collectively called acyloins.
PDC1294.1.1.-; 4.1.1.1775216013708570810762pyruvate decarboxylase 2P16467
Second most abundant of three pyruvate decarboxylases (PDC1, PDC5, PDC6) implicated in the nonoxidative conversion of pyruvate to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide during alcoholic fermentation. Most of the produced acetaldehyde is subsequently reduced to ethanol, but some is required for cytosolic acetyl-CoA production for biosynthetic pathways. The enzyme is also one of five 2-oxo acid decarboxylases (PDC1, PDC5, PDC6, ARO10, and THI3) able to decarboxylate more complex 2-oxo acids (alpha-keto-acids) than pyruvate, which seem mainly involved in amino acid catabolism. Here the enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of amino acids, which, in a first step, have been transaminated to the corresponding 2-oxo acids. In a third step, the resulting aldehydes are reduced to alcohols, collectively referred to as fusel oils or alcohols. Its preferred substrates are the transaminated amino acids valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, whereas leucine is no substrate. In a side-reaction the carbanionic intermediate (or active aldehyde) generated by decarboxylation or by activation of an aldehyde can react with an aldehyde via condensation (or carboligation) yielding a 2-hydroxy ketone, collectively called acyloins.
PDC5294.1.1.-; 4.1.1.1775416013609164413708670810763Pyruvate decarboxylase isozyme 3P26263
Minor of three pyruvate decarboxylases (PDC1, PDC5, PDC6) implicated in the nonoxidative conversion of pyruvate to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide during alcoholic fermentation. Most of the produced acetaldehyde is subsequently reduced to ethanol, but some is required for cytosolic acetyl-CoA production for biosynthetic pathways. The enzyme is also one of five 2-oxo acid decarboxylases (PDC1, PDC5, PDC6, ARO10, and THI3) able to decarboxylate more complex 2-oxo acids (alpha-keto-acids) than pyruvate, which seem mainly involved in amino acid catabolism. Here the enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of amino acids, which, in a first step, have been transaminated to the corresponding 2-oxo acids. In a third step, the resulting aldehydes are reduced to alcohols, collectively referred to as fusel oils or alcohols. Its preferred substrates are the transaminated amino acids valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, whereas leucine is no substrate. In a side-reaction the carbanionic intermediate (or active aldehyde) generated by decarboxylation or by activation of an aldehyde can react with an aldehyde via condensation (or carboligation) yielding a 2-hydroxy ketone, collectively called acyloins. The expression level of this protein in the presence of fermentable carbon sources is so low that it can not compensate for the other two pyruvate decarboxylases to sustain fermentation.
PDC6294.1.1.1775316013609264413708770810641alcohol dehydrogenase subunit IP25377
NADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase with a broad substrate specificity.
ADH7291.1.1.2775516013609364413708870810642alcohol dehydrogenase subunit 2Q04894
NADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase with a broad substrate specificity.
ADH6291.1.1.277561601360946441370897084713Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial18PW_P00471311894109364714Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic18PW_P00471411895109374408pyruvate decarboxylase18PW_P0044081149510761114961076211497107634337alcohol dehydrogenase18PW_P004337113981064111399106426969falsePW_R006969Right287027041Compoundfalse287031341Compoundtrue28704951Compoundtrue28705121Compoundfalse694647132.6.1.426970falsePW_R006970Right287067041Compoundfalse287071341Compoundtrue28708951Compoundtrue28709121Compoundfalse694747142.6.1.426971falsePW_R006971Right28710121Compoundfalse28711400341Compoundfalse2871213161Compoundfalse28713124381Compoundfalse694844086972falsePW_R006972Right28714124381Compoundfalse2871511441Compoundfalse28716400341Compoundfalse2871726181Compoundfalse287187211Compoundfalse69494337559PW_T000559705121Compound161188Right812827043false42049110regular100100812831343false52059110regular10011081284953false91559110regular10011081285123false112048110regular10012081286121883false112088110regular100120812907043false37089110regular100100812911343false47598610regular10011081292953false92098610regular100110812934003455false1231102310regular787881294131652false1631100510regular787881295124383false177088810regular10011081296114460false1897111310regular5030812974003455false193299410regular78788129826183false1771144310regular1001008129972159false1941137810regular503038637109361632false6955088subunitregular1507038639109371602false6759038subunitregular1507038640107611602false14758718subunitregular1507038641107621602false13258718subunitregular1507038642107631602false14009068subunitregular1507038643106411602false166811758subunitregular1507038644106421602false174312108subunitregular1507031452471322463796138637314544714224637963386393145544082246379643864037965386413796638642314564337224637967386433796838644116693M520 545 C550 545 665 543 695 543 5false18116694M620 646 C620 550 665 543 695 543 5false18116695M915 646 C911 545 875 543 845 543 5false18trueM 97.94685504416483 514.261556296296 L 83 513 L 89.38088772118584 526.5751343230784false116696M1120 541 C1090 541 875 543 845 543 5false18trueM 97.94685504416483 514.261556296296 L 83 513 L 89.38088772118584 526.5751343230784false116697M1170 601 C1170 631 1170 646 1170 676 83false18116698M1170 881 C1170 851 1170 706 1170 676 83false18trueM 577.9468550441649 554.261556296296 L 563 553 L 569.3808877211858 566.5751343230784false116703M470 941 C500 941 645 938 675 938 5false18116704M575 1041 C574 951 645 938 675 938 5false18116705M920 1041 C922 940 855 938 825 938 5false18trueM 577.9468550441649 1084.261556296296 L 563 1083 L 569.3808877211858 1096.5751343230784false116706M1120 941 C1090 941 855 938 825 938 5false18trueM 577.9468550441649 1084.261556296296 L 563 1083 L 569.3808877211858 1096.5751343230784false116707M1220 941 C1250 941 1370 941 1400 941 5false18116708M1309 1062 C1311 947 1370 941 1400 941 5false18116709M1631 1044 C1627 947 1580 941 1550 941 5false18trueM 432.94685504416486 991.261556296296 L 418 990 L 424.38088772118584 1003.5751343230784false116710M1770 943 C1740 943 1580 941 1550 941 5false18trueM 432.94685504416486 991.261556296296 L 418 990 L 424.38088772118584 1003.5751343230784false116711M1820 998 C1820 1028 1818 1180 1818 1210 5false18116712M1922 1143 C1821 1146 1818 1180 1818 1210 5false18116713M1971 1072 C1819 1076 1818 1180 1818 1210 5false18116714M1821 1443 C1821 1413 1818 1310 1818 1280 5false18trueM 999.9468550441649 1066.261556296296 L 985 1065 L 991.3808877211858 1078.5751343230784false116715M1966 1378 C1799 1377 1818 1310 1818 1280 5false18trueM 999.9468550441649 1066.261556296296 L 985 1065 L 991.3808877211858 1078.5751343230784false23946224669699231181282116693Left9231281283116694Left9231381284116695Right9231481285116696Right2374569463145223948224669709231981290116703Left9232081291116704Left9232181292116705Right9232281286116706Right2374769473145423949224669719232381286116707Left9232481293116708Left9232581294116709Right9232681295116710Right2374869483145523950224669729232781295116711Left9232881296116712Left9232981297116713Left9233081298116714Right9233181299116715Right2374969493145610615592246257781285116697Left257881286116698Right154019033551.01.0902904844974376M125 225 C125 175 175 125 225 125 C811 125 1574 125 2160 125 C2210 125 2260 175 2260 225 C2260 667 2260 1243 2260 1685 C2260 1735 2210 1785 2160 1785 C1574 1785 811 1785 225 1785 C175 1785 125 1735 125 1685 C125 1243 125 667 125 225 1true62135.01660.04377M274 366 C274 316 324 266 374 266 C864 266 1501 266 1991 266 C2041 266 2091 316 2091 366 C2091 717 2091 1173 2091 1524 C2091 1574 2041 1624 1991 1624 C1501 1624 864 1624 374 1624 C324 1624 274 1574 274 1524 C274 1173 274 717 274 366 1true61817.01358.07311446627367391130678540#FFEBEB4939394