12716PathwayD-Galactose Degradation (Leloir pathway)The Leloir pathway is a metabolic pathway for the catabolism of D-galactose into D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate named after Luis Federico Leloir . Since galactose cannot be directly used for glycolysis, it needs to be converted into a different form. This pathway starts in the cytosol and finishes in the chloroplast. First, aldose 1-epimerase is a predicted enzyme (coloured orange in the image) that is theorized to catalyze the conversion of beta-D-galactose into alpha-D-galactose. This enzyme has not yet been elucidated for Arabidopsis thaliana. Second, galactokinase catalyzes the conversion of alpha-D-galactose into alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate. Third, D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase is a predicted enzyme theorized to catalyze the reaction whereby alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose is converted into alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate and UDP-galactose. This enzyme has not yet been elucidated in Arabidopsis thaliana. UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose can be interconverted by the enzyme UDP-glucose 4-epimerase which requires NAD as a cofactor. Alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate must then be imported into the chloroplast, by a yet not discovered alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate transporter. Last, phosphoglucomutase uses magnesium ion as a cofactor to convert alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate into D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate.MetabolicPW012921CenterPathwayVisualizationContext1320615162352#000099PathwayVisualization1267712716D-Galactose Degradation (Leloir pathway)The Leloir pathway is a metabolic pathway for the catabolism of D-galactose into D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate named after Luis Federico Leloir . Since galactose cannot be directly used for glycolysis, it needs to be converted into a different form. This pathway starts in the cytosol and finishes in the chloroplast. First, aldose 1-epimerase is a predicted enzyme (coloured orange in the image) that is theorized to catalyze the conversion of beta-D-galactose into alpha-D-galactose. This enzyme has not yet been elucidated for Arabidopsis thaliana. Second, galactokinase catalyzes the conversion of alpha-D-galactose into alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate. Third, D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase is a predicted enzyme theorized to catalyze the reaction whereby alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose is converted into alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate and UDP-galactose. This enzyme has not yet been elucidated in Arabidopsis thaliana. UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose can be interconverted by the enzyme UDP-glucose 4-epimerase which requires NAD as a cofactor. Alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate must then be imported into the chloroplast, by a yet not discovered alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate transporter. Last, phosphoglucomutase uses magnesium ion as a cofactor to convert alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate into D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate.Metabolic44476lactose degradationSubPathway37151894Compound151572316644739Barber C, Rosti J, Rawat A, Findlay K, Roberts K, Seifert GJ: Distinct properties of the five UDP-D-glucose/UDP-D-galactose 4-epimerase isoforms of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 23;281(25):17276-85. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M512727200. Epub 2006 Apr 27.12716Pathway57249225860Kaplan CP, Tugal HB, Baker A: Isolation of a cDNA encoding an Arabidopsis galactokinase by functional expression in yeast. Plant Mol Biol. 1997 Jun;34(3):497-506.12716Pathway1CellCL:00000007Epithelial CellCL:00000662Platelet CL:00002335HepatocyteCL:00001823NeuronCL:00005404Cardiomyocyte CL:00007468Beta cellCL:00006393Escherichia coli562Prokaryote4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote1Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia431Periplasmic SpaceGO:00056201CytosolGO:000582911Extracellular SpaceGO:00056155CytoplasmGO:00057376LysosomeGO:00057643Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575914Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:00057412MitochondrionGO:000573915NucleusGO:00056344PeroxisomeGO:000577713Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:00057837Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578910Cell MembraneGO:000588627Peroxisome MembraneGO:000577835ChloroplastGO:000950712Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574332Inner MembraneGO:007025819sarcoplasmic reticulumGO:001652924Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575836MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032525Golgi apparatusGO:000579416Lysosomal LumenGO:004320226Golgi apparatus membraneGO:000013925IntestineBTO:00006481LiverBTO:00007597298Blood VesselBTO:000110274112Endothelium BTO:00003937Nervous SystemBTO:000148418PancreasBTO:000098828StomachBTO:0001307155265cardiocyteBTO:0001539107313PW_BS00010710813PW_BS000108105113PW_BS000105151141PW_BS0001513183123PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000248511PW_BS0000089611PW_BS00000960251PW_BS000060612517PW_BS00006129111PW_BS0000295181PW_BS0000512156181PW_BS0000241136121PW_BS0001133361121PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS000028326812PW_BS0000281115121PW_BS000111122551PW_BS000122126651PW_BS000126429151PW_BS000115436255PW_BS0001154372557PW_BS00011541685PW_BS0001151355171PW_BS0001354436171PW_BS0001154641171PW_BS0001154712517PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS000115452817PW_BS0001152975101PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024205561PW_BS000024207661PW_BS0000242111PW_BS0000024311PW_BS00000416212PW_BS000016221411PW_BS00002213121PW_BS0000133211515PW_BS0000325411PW_BS000005397113PW_BS0000393211PW_BS000003181311PW_BS000018101711PW_BS00001049711PW_BS00004914101PW_BS0000145811411PW_BS000058592711PW_BS00005927151PW_BS00002746114PW_BS0000466618518PW_BS00006672513PW_BS000072231511PW_BS000023311511PW_BS000031918511PW_BS000091541315PW_BS000054892PW_BS000089261115PW_BS000026711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097100521PW_BS0001001041431PW_BS000104101531PW_BS0001011122121PW_BS000112103331PW_BS000103117131PW_BS0001171181171PW_BS0001181203171PW_BS00012012915121PW_BS0001291321121PW_BS0001321333121PW_BS00013314315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS0001461471241PW_BS0001471553241PW_BS0001551613181PW_BS00016116611PW_BS0001661783211PW_BS000178188118PW_BS0000241601181PW_BS00016019914181PW_BS000024206261PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS0000242137181PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS0000242171518PW_BS00002421815181PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS000163222341PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS0000242771218PW_BS00002417018PW_BS0001702811251PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642851041PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242905491PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS000024253541PW_BS00002413412121PW_BS00013432914121PW_BS0000283331212PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS000028350114121PW_BS00002812815121PW_BS0001283511512PW_BS00002833527121PW_BS0000281151012PW_BS00011513013121PW_BS0001303317121PW_BS0000283344121PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS000028184121PW_BS0000241192171PW_BS00011911PW_BS000001124151PW_BS000124943PW_BS000094388161PW_BS000112109323PW_BS000109406351PW_BS000115407251PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS000100412125PW_BS0001151231751PW_BS00012343311451PW_BS000115408451PW_BS0001154101551PW_BS0001151251351PW_BS000125383751PW_BS000100405105PW_BS0001154222751PW_BS000115435155PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS0001134461217PW_BS00011544717171PW_BS000115468114171PW_BS0001153744171PW_BS00005344415171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS0001363987171PW_BS0001133761017PW_BS00005337527171PW_BS0000534701517PW_BS0001154793101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS0000244812101PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS00011548515101PW_BS00011530013101PW_BS0000244957101PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS00011549127101PW_BS0001154991510PW_BS000115501361PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001125161561PW_BS0001153951361PW_BS000113390761PW_BS000112209106PW_BS0000245082761PW_BS000115517156PW_BS00011515111PW_BS000015471914PW_BS00004731323PW_BS000024171211PW_BS000017422411PW_BS0000427028511PW_BS0000701572241PW_BS00015715924PW_BS00015915284PW_BS0001521873118PW_BS000024219314PW_BS00002422014PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS00002416212181PW_BS000162224241PW_BS0000241951318PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS0000243125231PW_BS0000243201123PW_BS00002429341PW_BS0000241141112PW_BS00011432711125PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS00002834524121PW_BS000028310312PW_BS00002430412PW_BS000024409115PW_BS0001154241155PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS0001154182451PW_BS0001153841251PW_BS0001001371117PW_BS00013745911175PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS00011545424171PW_BS00011512112171PW_BS0001214831110PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115208116PW_BS0000245062461PW_BS0001153911261PW_BS000112432511PW_BS00004321425181PW_BS00002435625121PW_BS0000284192551PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS0001156131PW_BS0000062811611PW_BS000028951721PW_BS00009514117191PW_BS00014129817101PW_BS0000244824101PW_BS000115502461PW_BS00011515834241PW_BS000158215114PW_BS000021562611PW_BS0000562881441PW_BS000024372102PW_BS0000281894β-D-GalactoseHMDB0003449Galactose is an optical isomer of glucose. An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl-transferase deficiency disease) causes an error in galactose metabolism called galactosemia, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. Galactose (Gal) (also called brain sugar) is a type of sugar found in dairy products, in sugar beets and other gums and mucilages. It is also synthesized by the body, where it forms part of glycolipids and glycoproteins in several tissues. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has food energy. Galactose is less sweet than glucose and not very water-soluble. Galactose is a monosaccharide constituent, together with glucose, of the disaccharide lactose. The hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose is catalyzed by the enzyme beta-galactosidase, a lactase. In the human body, glucose is changed into galactose in order to enable the mammary glands to secrete lactose. Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose. It is found in hemicellulose and can be converted to galactose by hydrolysis.7296-64-2C0096243935327667ALPHA-N-DIACETYLNEURAMINYL-23-BETA-D-ETC388476OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC6H12O6InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3+,4+,5-,6-/m1/s1WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-FPRJBGLDSA-N(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol180.1559180.0633881160.645β D-galactose00FDB021788B-d-galactose;B-galactose;Beta d-galactose;Beta-d-galactopyranose;Beta-d-galactose;Beta-d-galactoside;Beta-d-galactosides;Beta-galactose;Beta-delta-galactoside;Beta-delta-galactosides;Delta-galactose;Beta-d-gal;Gal-beta;B-d-gal;β-d-gal;β-d-galactose;Gal-b;Gal-βPW_C001894BD-Gal61411076142108614310512570151424333184243431593D-GalactoseHMDB0000143D-Galactose is an aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. D-Galactose is an energy-providing nutrient and also a necessary basic substrate for the biosynthesis of many macromolecules in the body. Metabolic pathways for D-Galactose are important not only for the provision of these pathways but also for the prevention of D-Galactose and D-Galactose metabolite accumulation. The main source of D-Galactose is lactose in the milk of mammals, but it can also be found in some fruits and vegetables. Utilization of D-Galactose in all living cells is initiated by the phosphorylation of the hexose by the enzyme galactokinase (E.C. 2.7.1.6) (GALK) to form D-Galactose-1-phosphate. In the presence of D-Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (E.C. 2.7.7.12) (GALT) D-Galactose-1-phosphate is exchanged with glucose-1-phosphate in UDP-glucose to form UDP-galactose. Glucose-1-phosphate will then enter the glycolytic pathway for energy production. Deficiency of the enzyme GALT in galactosemic patients leads to the accumulation of D-Galactose-1-phosphate. Classic galactosemia-a term that denotes the presence of D-Galactose in the blood is the rare inborn error of D-Galactose metabolism, diagnosed by the deficiency of the second enzyme of the D-Galactose assimilation pathway, GALT, which, in turn, is caused by mutations at the GALT gene. (PMID: 15256214, 11020650, 10408771).59-23-4C0098443935728061GALACTOSE388480OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC6H12O6InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3+,4+,5-,6+/m1/s1WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol180.1559180.0633881160.645galactose00FDB012703(+)-galactose;5abp;8abp;D-(+)-galactose;D-galactose;D-hexose;Gal;Gla;Glc;Galactose;Galactose (nf);Hexose;Alpha d-galactose;Alpha-d-galactopyranose;Alpha-d-galactose;Alpha-d-gal;Gal-alpha;A d-galactose;α d-galactose;A-d-gal;α-d-gal;Gal-a;Gal-αPW_C000093D-Gal1142822129268060273161313329393751725521512571151778961137794333678237352782503537825132678410111120840122121221126121271429122386436122392437122393416123425135123791443123842464124940471124962472124963452125831297126266301127284205127830207414Adenosine triphosphateHMDB0000538Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).56-65-5C00002595715422ATP5742DB00171NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid507.181506.995745159-2.057adenosine triphosphate0-3FDB0218135'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acidPW_C000414ATP92214608266164142247813733327995934399763210518211210214649215614216058240559243427272646281229302966316372361661361751439923447431476891486454503289503526515575205975215100525010452911015313111534611253901035406117543011854431205542129555613255691335603135562110858461435854146587610758971475924151604815561091616230166649317868391886870160697619971572057184206720921072252137229211729819873022167390217740821874321637481222749919081862251184727711903170120102811203916412178285125782261269129013264223153273084232631542621322426943187702825377218134772333297746833377632336780373327804135078168128782143517824035378411335784941157885013078865331789193348002836880046184806741198562919482612411323494113282388116280109119914122119992406120154407120245382120362412121246429121392123121397433121471408121974410122065125122079383122083405122402422122444435122919399123009446123816464123951447123956468124029374124527444124616136124630398124634376124943472124972375125011470125304297125371479125392299125515481125595484126123485126220300126234495126240478126547491126596499126913501127123389127731516127781395127796390127801209128119508128167517504Galactose 1-phosphateHMDB0000645Galactose 1-phosphate is a member of the class of compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. Monosaccharide phosphates are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose 1-phosphate is an intermediate in the galactose metabolism and nucleotide sugars metabolism pathways (KEGG). It is formed from galactose by galactokinase (Wikipedia). Galactose 1-phosphate is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic.2255-14-3C0044612391217973GALACTOSE-1P110443DB02317OC[C@H]1O[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC6H13O9PInChI=1S/C6H13O9P/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(14-2)15-16(11,12)13/h2-10H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)/t2-,3+,4+,5-,6-/m1/s1HXXFSFRBOHSIMQ-FPRJBGLDSA-N{[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid260.1358260.029718526-0.916galactose 1 phosphate0-2FDB0011591-(dihydrogen phosphate) galactitol;1-phosphate a-d-galactopyranose;D-galactose 1-phosphate;Galactopyranose 1-phosphate;Galactose 1-phosphate;A-d-1-(dihydrogen phosphate) galactopyranose;A-d-galactopyranosyl phosphate;A-d-galactose 1-phosphate;A-d-galactosyl phosphate;Alpha-d-1-(dihydrogen phosphate) galactopyranose;Alpha-d-galactopyranosyl phosphate;Alpha-d-galactose 1-phosphate;Alpha-d-galactosyl phosphate;Alpha-d-galactopyranose 1-phosphate;A-d-galactopyranose 1-phosphate;A-d-galactopyranose 1-phosphoric acid;Alpha-d-galactopyranose 1-phosphoric acid;α-d-galactopyranose 1-phosphate;α-d-galactopyranose 1-phosphoric acid;Galactose 1-phosphoric acidPW_C000504G1P1137815322311129125721517792033678260132784081111208371221212474291213701241234221351238174641239291181258282971260432991272812051274953881034Adenosine diphosphateHMDB0001341Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases.58-64-0C00008602216761ADP5800NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H15N5O10P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O10P2/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(24-10)1-23-27(21,22)25-26(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid427.2011427.029414749-2.126adenosine-diphosphate0-2FDB021817Adp;Adenosindiphosphorsaeure;Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenosine diphosphate;Adenosine pyrophosphate;Adenosine-5'-diphosphate;Adenosine-5-diphosphate;Adenosine-diphosphate;5'-adenylphosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-diphosphate;H3adp;5'-adenylphosphate;Adenosine 5'-diphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-diphosphoric acidPW_C001034ADP23413484152248213801596315978310611415182190149210418211310216158240859243527272847273646285529316572363561440023447631477091503626515775208975217100531511153491125392103544612055441295572133562410857411175764101584914358561465878107589914759261516050155611116162311666495178670094684118868721607159205718720672082107226213723121173001987303216739121774102187433163748322281872251185127711905170120132811218028513262223153293084232831542398313426223224269631877029253770871327721613477306329774723337766333678039332780433507817012878215351782443537841433578495115787053317884913078920334800303688062211880651135806761199482712411328338811620410911994412211999440612015640712031838212036641212124842912139412312139943312147240812189938312197641012206412512208540512240542212244543512297339912301344612381846412395344712395846812403037412445239812452944412461513612463637612494747212497537512501247012533429712537347912549229912551748112564548412612548512621930012623549512624247812655049112659749912691550112773351612778039512779739012780320912812250812816851712831338940034Hydrogen IonHMDB0059597Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [WikiPedia])C000801038153781010[H+]HInChI=1S/p+1GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-Nhydron1.00791.0078250320hydron10H+;H(+);Hydrogen cation;Hydron;ProtonPW_C040034H+215467087531578831848311162146326146454223149278017425022425442454710457618469470524110353271115353112562610856391075699100572010557421175963147603715560701576093161613015962321666483178660115266921016843188691018771001637168205719120674532197454220747222275252137532210755821275721607590170819522582181518243226841316284202249139195915524911915164120152811218128512246286122662871252122713257223133252941533030842329315423543184240132242405312424543207691229377136133772101347737233177804114779551327799032777991347783793457992913080019368803873108038830480722119938231249482338311055038811285594113280390115537398115539118115856336116205109119973406120193407120549122120593409121170424121171425122569418122615384122687125122758120123183135123218137123742459123743460125141454125188121125273136125359479125550481125730483125736297125809299126517495126717489126766480126823300126902501127213208128308506128361391128430395193Uridine diphosphate glucoseHMDB0000286Uridine diphosphate glucose is a key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.133-89-1C0002953477679UDP-GLUCOSEDB01861OC[C@@H]1OC(OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)N2C=CC(=O)NC2=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC15H24N2O17P2InChI=1S/C15H24N2O17P2/c18-3-5-8(20)10(22)12(24)14(32-5)33-36(28,29)34-35(26,27)30-4-6-9(21)11(23)13(31-6)17-2-1-7(19)16-15(17)25/h1-2,5-6,8-14,18,20-24H,3-4H2,(H,26,27)(H,28,29)(H,16,19,25)/t5-,6-,8-,9-,10+,11-,12-,13-,14?/m0/s1HSCJRCZFDFQWRP-LPTOLDDLSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy})phosphinic acid566.3018566.055020376-1.589udp-α-D-glucose0-2FDB005660(udp)glucose;(upd)-glucose;Udp glucose;Udp-d-glucose;Udp-glc;Udp-glucose;Udp-a-d-glucose;Udp-alpha-d-glucose;Udp-alpha-delta-glucose;Udp-delta-glucose;Udpg;Udpglucose;Uridine 5'-diphosphate glucose;Uridine 5'-diphospho-a-d-glucose;Uridine 5'-diphospho-alpha-d-glucose;Uridine 5'-diphospho-alpha-delta-glucose;Uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-d-glucopyranosyl ester;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-delta-glucopyranosyl ester;Uridine diphosphate-glucose;Uridine diphospho-d-glucose;Uridine diphospho-delta-glucose;Uridine diphosphoglucose;Uridine pyrophosphate-glucosePW_C000193UDPG1127815152219649220343311829598014772452137249214727116084321511191116477927336782531327840211178882331788853561208281221212554291213631241221003831221044191234131351238254641239221181246513981246554551258192971260362991262564951262604901272722051274883881278193901278235071207Glucose 1-phosphateHMDB0001586The direct product of the reaction in which glycogen phosphorylase cleaves off a molecule of glucose from a greater glycogen structure. It cannot travel down many metabolic pathways and must be interconverted by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase in order to become glucose 6-phosphate. Free glucose 1-phosphate can also react with UTP to form UDP-glucose. It can then return to the greater glycogen structure via glycogen synthase.59-56-3C0010343916516077GLC-1-P388311OC[C@H]1OC(OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1OC6H13O9PInChI=1S/C6H13O9P/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(14-2)15-16(11,12)13/h2-10H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1HXXFSFRBOHSIMQ-GASJEMHNSA-N{[(3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid260.1358260.029718526-0.916glucose 1-phosphate0-2FDB021830Cori ester;D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate;D-glucose 1-phosphate;D-glucose-1-p;D-glucose-1-phosphate;Glucose 1-phosphate;Glucose monophosphate;Glucose-1-phosphate;Glucose-1p;A-d-glucopyranosyl phosphate;A-d-glucose 1-phosphate;Alpha-d-glucopyranosyl phosphate;Alpha-d-glucose 1-phosphate;Alpha-d-glucose-1-phosphate;Alpha-delta-glucopyranosyl phosphate;Alpha-delta-glucose 1-phosphate;Alpha-delta-glucose-1-phosphate;Delta-glucopyranose 1-phosphate;Delta-glucose 1-phosphate;Delta-glucose-1-p;Delta-glucose-1-phosphate;1-o-phosphono-d-glucopyranose;Glc-1-p;D-glucopyranose 1-phosphoric acid;D-glucose 1-phosphoric acidPW_C001207Gluc1P1120815052311729569065909147593915168871601257622577101132779263367840111112082612212118612412125442912341113512375711812382446412581729712595329912726920512741238842663UDP-galactose117756-22-6 belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine nucleotide sugars. These are pyrimidine nucleotides bound to a saccharide derivative through the terminal phosphate group. 117756-22-6 is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa).[Na+].[Na+].[H][C@]1(COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC2([H])O[C@]([H])(CO)[C@]([H])(O)[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]2([H])O)OC([H])(N2C=CC([O-])=NC2=O)[C@]([H])(O)[C@]1([H])OC15H22N2Na2O17P2InChI=1S/C15H24N2O17P2.2Na/c18-3-5-8(20)10(22)12(24)14(32-5)33-36(28,29)34-35(26,27)30-4-6-9(21)11(23)13(31-6)17-2-1-7(19)16-15(17)25;;/h1-2,5-6,8-14,18,20-24H,3-4H2,(H,26,27)(H,28,29)(H,16,19,25);;/q;2*+1/p-2PKJQEQVCYGYYMM-UHFFFAOYSA-Ldisodium 1-[(3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-({[hydroxy({[(3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy})phosphoryl phosphonato]oxy}methyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-olate610.2654610.018909662-1.087disodium 1-[(3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[({hydroxy[(3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphosphoryl phosphonato}oxy)methyl]oxolan-2-yl]-2-oxopyrimidin-4-olate0-2PW_C042663UG1257315112614225721NADHMDB0000902NAD (or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be converted to ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it by cellular respiration. (wikipedia). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed).53-84-9C00003589315846NAD5682NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H28N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-O1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium664.433664.116946663-2.5981-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium1-1FDB0223093-carbamoyl-1-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide;Co-i;Codehydrase i;Codehydrogenase i;Coenzyme i;Cozymase;Cozymase i;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidized;Endopride;Nad trihydrate;Nad-oxidized;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Nicotinamide dinucleotide;Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide;Oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Pyridine nucleotide diphosphate;[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl {[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxyphosphoryl) hydrogen phosphate;[adenylate-32-p]-nad;Beta-diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Beta-nad;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide trihydrate;Dpn;Nad;Nad+;Nadide;B-nad;β-nadPW_C000721NAD140415033538651101114211344312735146654222949277917283529310794807184813184819284902649603151679552381035334111536011254691235482125559013556101185696100573810858271415912147594215160241556072157607616163851646917867721176890160701218870971637174205719720674051987459222824122683592259085224118192161232224913006298130183001325622342404322426193157710413277120133772091347737033177650336776673347770233277709130779151137798334778406356800063688069011993825124110552388112750166112853941199291221199524061201714071208344191209844081211594251212421261212594291218173831226143841227421201231304471231411361234194551235493741237314601238124431238294641243703981251871211253192971253424791255304811258062991258254901259244821265154951267654801268855011272785071273835021280893901283603911284283951083Glucose 6-phosphateHMDB0001401Glucose 6 phosphate (alpha-D-glucose 6 phosphate or G6P) is the alpha-anomer of glucose-6-phosphate. There are two anomers of glucose 6 phosphate, the alpha anomer and the beta anomer. Glucose 6 phosphate is an ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (Stedman, 26th ed). Glucose-6-phosphate is a phosphorylated glucose molecule on carbon 6. When glucose enters a cell, it is immediately phosphorylated to G6P. This is catalyzed with hexokinase enzymes, thus consuming one ATP. A major reason for immediate phosphorylation of the glucose is so that it cannot diffuse out of the cell. The phosphorylation adds a charged group so the G6P cannot easily cross cell membranes. G6P can travel down two metabolic pathways, glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. In addition to the metabolic pathways, G6P can also be stored as glycogen in the liver if blood glucose levels are high. If the body needs energy or carbon skeletons for syntheses, G6P can be isomerized to Fructose-6-phosphate and then phosphorylated to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Note, the molecule now has 2 phosphoryl groups attached. The addition of the 2nd phosphoryl group is an irreversible step, so once this happens G6P will enter glycolysis and be turned into pyruvate (ATP production occurs). If blood glucose levels are high, the body needs a way to store the excess glucose. After being converted to G6P, phosphoglucose mutase (isomerase) can turn the molecule into glucose-1-phosphate. Glucose-1-phosphate can then be combined with uridine triphosphate (UTP) to form UDP-glucose. This reaction is driven by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate that is released in the reaction. Now, the activated UDP-glucose can add to a growing glycogen molecule with the help of glycogen synthase. This is a very efficient storage mechanism for glucose since it costs the body only 1 ATP to store the 1 glucose molecule and virtually no energy to remove it from storage. It is important to note that glucose-6-phosphate is an allosteric activator of glycogen synthase, which makes sense because when the level of glucose is high the body should store the excess glucose as glycogen. On the other hand, glycogen synthase is inhibited when it is phosphorylated by protein kinase a during times of high stress or low blood glucose levels. -- Wikipedia.56-73-5C0009259584170GLC-6-P5743OC1O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC6H13O9PInChI=1S/C6H13O9P/c7-3-2(1-14-16(11,12)13)15-6(10)5(9)4(3)8/h2-10H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1NBSCHQHZLSJFNQ-GASJEMHNSA-N{[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy}phosphonic acid260.1358260.029718526-0.926glucose 6-phosphate0-2FDB021818D(+)-glucopyranose 6-phosphate;D-glucose 6-phosphate;D-glucose-6-dihydrogen phosphate;D-hexose 6-phosphate;Glucose 6-phosphate;Glucose-6-phosphate;Robison ester;A-d-glucose 6- phosphate;Alpha-d-glucose 6- phosphate;Alpha-d-glucose 6-phosphate;Alpha-d-hexose 6-phosphate;6-o-phosphono-d-glucopyranose;Glc6p;D-glucopyranose 6-phosphoric acid;D-glucose 6-phosphoric acidPW_C001083Gluc-6P111881804223811831252958981475925151606515868711607403198119121641257722577086132779363367794913078164111120824122121172124121200125121264429123409135123744118123770136123834464125815297125938299127267205127398388423MagnesiumHMDB0000547Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.22537-22-0C003058881842013-HYDROXY-MAGNESIUM-PROTOPORP865DB01378[Mg++]MgInChI=1S/Mg/q+2JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-Nmagnesium(2+) ion24.30523.9850418980magnesium(2+) ion22FDB003518Magnesium;Magnesium ions;Magnesium ion;Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion;Magnesium, ion (mg(2+));Mg(2+);Mg2+PW_C000423Mg2+8682274268164762727268115819188832293639983399221116746148349152943176414212410241159294223312629337374540314774914869544974565253104532911153561125376103590614759341516038155609416162501666484178659416468811606979199717020571942067227213723321172502147310216731319874732221176313211843210123122251232424912513288125812261272929015275285153373087713713377236329779373367839333478417335784891157852233178536356785741308002036880045184800483728062311880654135808651580965253818415193832383949002710859622311055939011568739811997440612007012212024738212070240712098140812118112412126542912131941912192412512208640512240842212275912012292139912330711912354637412383546412388945512447713612463737612497837512544729712559848412566947912577748112592148212594729912597349512600049012624347812655349112675330012712538912716450112738050212740738812745150712780420912812550812834739511607aldose 1-epimeraseZ0Z000Aldose 1-epimerase is a predicted enzyme in the cytosol that is theorized to catalyze a reaction in D-Galactose Degradation (Leloir pathway) whereby beta-D-galactose is converted into alpha-D-galactose. This enzyme has not yet been elucidated for Arabidopsis thaliana.?45.1.3.31255115111608galactokinaseQ9SEE5Galactokinase is an enzyme in the cytosol that catalyzes a reaction in D-Galactose Degradation (Leloir pathway) whereby alpha-D-galactose is converted into alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate.AGK142.7.1.61255315111609D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferaseZ0Z000D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase is a predicted enzyme in the cytosol theorized to catalyze a reaction in D-Galactose Degradation (Leloir pathway) whereby alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose is converted into alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate and UDP-galactose. This enzyme has not yet been elucidated in Arabidopsis thaliana.?42.7.7.121255515111610UDP-glucose 4-epimeraseQ42605UDP-glucose 4-epimerase is an enzyme in the cytosol that catalyzes the interconversion between UDP-glucose and UDP-galactosea in D-Galactose Degradation (Leloir pathway). It requires NAD as a cofactor.UGE145.1.3.21255715111617alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate transporterZ0Z000Alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate transporter is predicted to transport alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate from the cytosol into the chloroplast.?41257422511611phosphoglucomutaseQ9SCY0Phosphoglucomutase is an enzyme in the chloroplast that catalyzes a reaction in D-Galactose Degradation (Leloir pathway) whereby alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate is converted into D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate. It requires magnesium ion as a cofactor.PGM45.4.2.2125592255485D-galactose 1-epimerase4PW_P0054851283911607125521515486galactokinase4PW_P0054861284011608125541515487D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase4PW_P0054871284111609125561515488UDP-glucose 4-epimerase4PW_P0054881284211610701721125581515494alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate transporter4PW_P0054941284811617125752255489phosphoglucomutase4PW_P00548912843116117024231256022547601PW_R047601Both14728018941Compoundfalse147281931Compoundfalse3774254855.1.3.347602PW_R047602Both147282931Compoundfalse1472834141Compoundfalse1472845041Compoundfalse14728510341Compoundfalse147286400341Compoundfalse3774354862.7.1.647603PW_R047603Both1472875041Compoundfalse1472881931Compoundfalse14728912071Compoundfalse147290426631Compoundfalse3774454872.7.7.1247604PW_R047604Both1472911931Compoundfalse147292426631Compoundfalse3774554885.1.3.247605PW_R047605Both14729312071Compoundfalse14729410831Compoundfalse3774654895.4.2.2902PW_T000902105412071Compound151225Right80254942017-02-26T20:45:40-07:002017-02-26T20:45:40-07:0022542038118941513false55054310regular100100420382931513false100054810regular10010042038341415142false110047310regular50304203845041513false145054310regular100110420385103415143false140047310regular50304203864003415155false138634810regular78784203871931513false150037810regular10012042038812071513false190054310regular100110420389426631513false185039810regular1001004203907211519false167525010regular1002542039212072253false190097810regular10011042039310832253false145097810regular1001104203944232259false167098510regular100252512071160715198false7555638subunitregular15070251208116081512false12005658subunitregular150702512091160915198false16505658subunitregular15070251210116101512false16502658subunitregular150702512111161776false18758438subunitregular15070251212116112252false164510008subunitregular150701437925485126771512504002512071437935486126771512504012512081437945487126771512504022512091437955488126771512504032512105067420390648725Cofactor1437965494126772504042512111437975489126772252504052512125068420394648732Cofactor648711M650.5 598.5 C680.5 598.5 725.5 598.5 755.5 598.5 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false648712M1000.5 598.5 C970.5 598.5 935.5 598.5 905.5 598.5 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false648713M550.5 598.5 C520.5 598.5 430.5 598.5 400.5 598.5 5false18trueM 837.0096189432334 907.5 L 850 900 L 837.0096189432334 892.5false648714M1100.5 598.5 C1130.5 598.5 1170.5 600.5 1200.5 600.5 5false18trueM 639.9468550441649 198.26155629629605 L 625 197 L 631.3808877211858 210.57513432307834false648715M1150.5 488.5 C1151.5 574.5 1170.5 600.5 1200.5 600.5 5false18trueM 639.9468550441649 198.26155629629605 L 625 197 L 631.3808877211858 210.57513432307834false648716M1450.5 598.5 C1420.5 598.5 1380.5 600.5 1350.5 600.5 5false18trueM 639.9468550441649 198.26155629629605 L 625 197 L 631.3808877211858 210.57513432307834false648717M1400.5 488.5 C1399.5 564.5 1380.5 600.5 1350.5 600.5 5false18trueM 639.9468550441649 198.26155629629605 L 625 197 L 631.3808877211858 210.57513432307834false648718M1386.5 387.5 C1388.5 503.5 1380.5 600.5 1350.5 600.5 5false18trueM 639.9468550441649 198.26155629629605 L 625 197 L 631.3808877211858 210.57513432307834false648719M1550.5 598.5 C1580.5 598.5 1620.5 600.5 1650.5 600.5 5false18trueM 1190.9468550441647 198.26155629629605 L 1176 197 L 1182.380887721186 210.57513432307834false648720M1600.5 438.5 C1601.5 549.5 1620.5 600.5 1650.5 600.5 5false18trueM 1190.9468550441647 198.26155629629605 L 1176 197 L 1182.380887721186 210.57513432307834false648721M1900.5 598.5 C1870.5 598.5 1830.5 600.5 1800.5 600.5 5false18trueM 1190.9468550441647 198.26155629629605 L 1176 197 L 1182.380887721186 210.57513432307834false648722M1850.5 448.5 C1852.5 539.5 1830.5 600.5 1800.5 600.5 5false18trueM 1190.9468550441647 198.26155629629605 L 1176 197 L 1182.380887721186 210.57513432307834false648723M1600.5 438.5 C1600.5 351.5 1620.5 300.5 1650.5 300.5 5false18trueM 1254.9468550441647 198.26155629629605 L 1240 197 L 1246.380887721186 210.57513432307834false648724M1850.5 448.5 C1851.5 369.5 1830.5 300.5 1800.5 300.5 5false18trueM 1254.9468550441647 198.26155629629605 L 1240 197 L 1246.380887721186 210.57513432307834false648725M1965.5 691 L1965.5 741 L2015.5 691 z10true18648728M1950.5 653.5 C1950.5 683.5 1950.5 813.5 1950.5 843.5 83false18648729M1950.5 978.5 C1950.5 948.5 1950.5 943.5 1950.5 913.5 83false18trueM 1826.9468550441647 398.261556296296 L 1812 397 L 1818.380887721186 410.5751343230783false648730M1900.5 1033.5 C1870.5 1033.5 1825.5 1035.5 1795.5 1035.5 5false18trueM 1380.9468550441647 598.261556296296 L 1366 597 L 1372.380887721186 610.5751343230784false648731M1550.5 1033.5 C1580.5 1033.5 1615.5 1035.5 1645.5 1035.5 5false18trueM 1380.9468550441647 598.261556296296 L 1366 597 L 1372.380887721186 610.5751343230784false648732M1990.5 1366 L1990.5 1416 L2040.5 1366 z10true181552401267747601151579206420381648711Left579207420382648712Right116334377421437921552411267747602151579208420382648714Left579209420383648715Left579210420384648716Right579211420385648717Right579212420386648718Right116335377431437931552421267747603151579213420384648719Left579214420387648720Left579215420388648721Right579216420389648722Right116336377441437941552431267747604151579217420387648723Left579218420389648724Right116337377451437951552441267747605225579219420392648730Left579220420393648731Right11633837746143797203219021267741137420388648728Left41138420392648729Right199621437968023833447612677217false25056316regular2192420381648713Right2156512317680.80.89029154349753345M1378.5 773.5 C1443.5 772.5 2030.5 771.5 2101.5 773.5 237false60.00.053346M1377.5 873.5 C1449.5 872.5 2041.5 876.5 2102.5 875.5 237false60.00.053347M125 225 C125 175 175 125 225 125 C801 125 1551 125 2127 125 C2177 125 2227 175 2227 225 C2227 513 2227 886 2227 1174 C2227 1224 2177 1274 2127 1274 C1551 1274 801 1274 225 1274 C175 1274 125 1224 125 1174 C125 886 125 513 125 225 1true62102.01149.02155715Outer Chloroplast Membrane1389733201.01.0160152155815Inner Chloroplast Membrane1389833201.01.0160152155915Stroma1384893201.01.0160152156015Cytosol215172201.01.01601520662115880913777482102115139#EBFFEB4725403