12721PathwayTriacylglycerol DegradationIn higher plants, the primary seed storage reserve is triacylglycerol rather than carbohydrates. Thus, triacylglycerol degradation is an important pathway from which plants obtain energy for growth. First, triacylglycerol lipase, an enzyme localized to the oil body (storage vacuole) membrane, catalyzes the conversion of a triglyceride into a 1,2-diglyceride. Second, the predicted enzyme diglyceride lipase (coloured orange in the image) is theorized to catalyze the conversion of a 1,2-diglyceride iinto a 2-acylglycerol. Third, a 2-acylglycerol is spontaneously converted into a 1-monoglyceride. Fourth, acylhydrolase catalyzes the conversion of a 1-monoglyceride into glycerol. Fifth, glycerol kinase catalyzes the conversion of glycerol into glycerol 3-phosphate. Sixth, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (coloured dark green in the image), localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane, catalyzes the conversion of glycerol 3-phosphate into glycerone phosphate.MetabolicPW012926CenterPathwayVisualizationContext1321114933149#000099PathwayVisualization1268212721Triacylglycerol DegradationIn higher plants, the primary seed storage reserve is triacylglycerol rather than carbohydrates. Thus, triacylglycerol degradation is an important pathway from which plants obtain energy for growth. First, triacylglycerol lipase, an enzyme localized to the oil body (storage vacuole) membrane, catalyzes the conversion of a triglyceride into a 1,2-diglyceride. Second, the predicted enzyme diglyceride lipase (coloured orange in the image) is theorized to catalyze the conversion of a 1,2-diglyceride iinto a 2-acylglycerol. Third, a 2-acylglycerol is spontaneously converted into a 1-monoglyceride. Fourth, acylhydrolase catalyzes the conversion of a 1-monoglyceride into glycerol. Fifth, glycerol kinase catalyzes the conversion of glycerol into glycerol 3-phosphate. Sixth, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (coloured dark green in the image), localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane, catalyzes the conversion of glycerol 3-phosphate into glycerone phosphate.Metabolic44475Diacylglycerol and Triacylglycerol BiosynthesisSubPathway3714309ElementCollection164575022303259Li-Beisson Y, Shorrosh B, Beisson F, Andersson MX, Arondel V, Bates PD, Baud S, Bird D, Debono A, Durrett TP, Franke RB, Graham IA, Katayama K, Kelly AA, Larson T, Markham JE, Miquel M, Molina I, Nishida I, Rowland O, Samuels L, Schmid KM, Wada H, Welti R, Xu C, Zallot R, Ohlrogge J: Acyl-lipid metabolism. Arabidopsis Book. 2010;8:e0133. doi: 10.1199/tab.0133. Epub 2010 Jun 11.12721Pathway5751Taylor DC, Giblin EM, Reed DW, Hogge LR: Stereospecific analysis and mass spectrometry of triacylglycerols fromarabidopsis thaliana (L.) heynh. columbia seed. Journal Of The American Oil Chemists' Society. 1995 Mar 01;72(3):305-308. doi: 10.1007/BF02541087.12721Pathway575321477884Kim EY, Seo YS, Kim WT: AtDSEL, an Arabidopsis cytosolic DAD1-like acylhydrolase, is involved in negative regulation of storage oil mobilization during seedling establishment. J Plant Physiol. 2011 Sep 15;168(14):1705-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.03.004. Epub 2011 Apr 8.12721Pathway575414756771Eastmond PJ: Glycerol-insensitive Arabidopsis mutants: gli1 seedlings lack glycerol kinase, accumulate glycerol and are more resistant to abiotic stress. Plant J. 2004 Feb;37(4):617-25.12721Pathway575512586344Shen W, Wei Y, Dauk M, Zheng Z, Zou J: Identification of a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana: evidence for a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in plants. FEBS Lett. 2003 Feb 11;536(1-3):92-6.12721Pathway1CellCL:00000005HepatocyteCL:00001824Cardiomyocyte CL:00007463NeuronCL:00005407Epithelial CellCL:00000662Platelet CL:00002338Beta cellCL:00006391Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia45CytoplasmGO:00057376LysosomeGO:00057644PeroxisomeGO:00057773Mitochondrial MatrixGO:00057592MitochondrionGO:000573910Cell MembraneGO:000588611Extracellular SpaceGO:000561516Lysosomal LumenGO:00432027Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:00057891CytosolGO:000582918Melanosome MembraneGO:003316213Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578325Golgi apparatusGO:000579414Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574112Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574320Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520215NucleusGO:000563431Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562035ChloroplastGO:000950736MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032540PeriplasmGO:004259724Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575832Inner MembraneGO:007025827Peroxisome MembraneGO:000577819sarcoplasmic reticulumGO:00165291LiverBTO:00007597294Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971825IntestineBTO:000064828StomachBTO:0001307155267Nervous SystemBTO:00014848Blood VesselBTO:0001102741111HeartBTO:000056273102Endothelium BTO:000039318PancreasBTO:00009888511PW_BS0000089611PW_BS0000095411PW_BS0000054311PW_BS0000043211PW_BS00000314101PW_BS00001413121PW_BS00001315111PW_BS0000152811611PW_BS000028101711PW_BS000010204111PW_BS000020331811PW_BS000033181311PW_BS0000182111PW_BS000002311511PW_BS00003149711PW_BS000049541315PW_BS000054432511PW_BS0000432441011PW_BS000024221411PW_BS00002260251PW_BS00006046114PW_BS000046171211PW_BS00001729111PW_BS0000297028511PW_BS00007072513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS0000613612011PW_BS0000363772113PW_BS00003793252011PW_BS00009327151PW_BS000027711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097100521PW_BS000100943PW_BS000094103331PW_BS000103105113PW_BS0001051115121PW_BS0001111136121PW_BS0001131122121PW_BS000112110231PW_BS0001101231751PW_BS0001231251351PW_BS000125126651PW_BS00012612711651PW_BS00012713013121PW_BS0001301141112PW_BS00011412915121PW_BS0001291355171PW_BS0001351181171PW_BS00011810813PW_BS0001086131PW_BS000006140103PW_BS000140101531PW_BS00010114315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146107313PW_BS000107951721PW_BS0000951471241PW_BS000147151141PW_BS0001511553241PW_BS0001551572241PW_BS0001571613181PW_BS0001611632181PW_BS00016315924PW_BS00015911PW_BS00000116611PW_BS0001661783211PW_BS0001781802211PW_BS00018015284PW_BS000152117131PW_BS000117188118PW_BS0000241601181PW_BS000160205561PW_BS000024207661PW_BS000024206261PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000242137181PW_BS00002421425181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS000024222341PW_BS000024224241PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS00002417018PW_BS0001702253541PW_BS000024226441PW_BS00002416212181PW_BS000162261115PW_BS0000262771218PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS00002465111PW_BS0000652905491PW_BS0000242916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS00002429817101PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS00002429341PW_BS000024253541PW_BS0000241321121PW_BS0001321333121PW_BS00013313412121PW_BS0001343317121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS0000283331212PW_BS0000281151012PW_BS0001153344121PW_BS0000283361121PW_BS000028337116121PW_BS00002834141121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS00002832914121PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS0000283702601PW_BS000028228361PW_BS0000241192171PW_BS000119383751PW_BS0001003841251PW_BS000100390761PW_BS0001123911261PW_BS0001123987171PW_BS000113232403PW_BS000024122551PW_BS000122406351PW_BS000115407251PW_BS000115408451PW_BS000115124151PW_BS000124412125PW_BS000115405105PW_BS000115409115PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS0001154141551PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS000115429151PW_BS00011512112171PW_BS0001214192551PW_BS00011543441051PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS000100436255PW_BS0001151203171PW_BS0001203744171PW_BS0000534436171PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS0001153761017PW_BS0000531371117PW_BS00013744717171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS000136448116171PW_BS00011545118171PW_BS00011545015171PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS0001154641171PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS000115469410171PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS0001134712517PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS0001152975101PW_BS0000244793101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS0001154824101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS0000244831110PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS00011548718101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001154957101PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115501361PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115388161PW_BS000112208116PW_BS000024209106PW_BS0000245041861PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS00011551541061PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001123951361PW_BS0001135131761PW_BS000115422411PW_BS0000421873118PW_BS000024219314PW_BS00002422014PW_BS0000241951318PW_BS0000243125231PW_BS0000243201123PW_BS00002432711125PW_BS00002834524121PW_BS000028310312PW_BS00002430412PW_BS000024109323PW_BS0001094241155PW_BS0001154182451PW_BS00011545911175PW_BS00011545424171PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS0001155062461PW_BS00011516212PW_BS0000163211515PW_BS000032397113PW_BS0000395811411PW_BS000058592711PW_BS0000596618518PW_BS0000665181PW_BS000051231511PW_BS000023918511PW_BS000091892PW_BS0000891041431PW_BS00010419914181PW_BS0000242171518PW_BS00002421815181PW_BS000024350114121PW_BS00002812815121PW_BS0001283511512PW_BS00002833527121PW_BS000028184121PW_BS00002443311451PW_BS0001154101551PW_BS0001154222751PW_BS000115435155PW_BS000115468114171PW_BS00011544415171PW_BS00011537527171PW_BS0000534701517PW_BS00011548515101PW_BS00011549127101PW_BS0001154991510PW_BS0001155161561PW_BS0001155082761PW_BS000115517156PW_BS000115471914PW_BS00004731323PW_BS000024221324PW_BS0000243791541PW_BS000084380364PW_BS000084693741PW_BS0005121420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O558949109513941513162144811352615624286521069120770338231883821094311377491465541590432018242532222678602727462778172805293143703164723634614598364727374941935030275156751959752141005227945236103529710553191115343113535511254021105470123548312554921265507127553413055371145541129559113556081185622108569165759140577810158411435853146587710758909559101475940151603215560591576087161612316361331596215162181666477178650718066001526713117684018868881607162205718120771932067211211722821372382147243215729519873502167388210740121274672227492224750019075881708201225823722684141629265261185027711922164120112811221328512250286122642871232724912520227126326512693290127052911271529213007298130193001302530113037302132612231332729415340308423273154269531843691322769142937701925377102132771311337721513477378331773973327747133377516115775363347762833677722337777593417781634377982347780713297823535278242353782703567911336080014368800393708059122880656119938303839479438411055739011063939111584439811987923211991512211996340612000840712004640812011312412036541212043040512043840912060641512079441412115842512124042912135112112138141912160743412211838212238443612275312012279737412280444312301244612306437612307213712313144712314213612316244812323145112338445012373046012381046412394045512416546912467039912493847112494547212530529712535347912538648112542448212548029912568248312570747812574548712605449012623849512627348412676448012689650112696350212701738812717720812719920912722750412750650712757651512783638912808239512817651340034Hydrogen IonHMDB0059597Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [WikiPedia])C000801038153781010[H+]HInChI=1S/p+1GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-Nhydron1.00791.0078250320hydron10H+;H(+);Hydrogen cation;Hydron;ProtonPW_C040034H+21546708753157883184831116214632614645422314927801742502242544245471045761846947052411035327111535311256261085639107569910057201055742117596314760371556070157609316161301596232166648317866011526692101684318869101877100163716820571912067453219745422074722227525213753221075582127572160759017081952258218151824322684131628420224913919591552491191516412015281121812851224628612266287125212271325722313325294153303084232931542354318424013224240531242454320769122937713613377210134773723317780411477955132779903277799134778379345799291308001936880387310803883048072211993823124948233831105503881128559411328039011553739811553911811585633611620510911997340612019340712054912212059340912117042412117142512256941812261538412268712512275812012318313512321813712374245912374346012514145412518812112527313612535947912555048112573048312573629712580929912651749512671748912676648012682330012690250112721320812830850612836139112843039585GlycerolHMDB0000131Glycerol or glycerin is a colourless, odourless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and mostly non-toxic. It is widely used in the food industry as a sweetener and humectant and in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol is an important component of triglycerides (i.e. fats and oils) and of phospholipids. Glycerol is a three-carbon substance that forms the backbone of fatty acids in fats. When the body uses stored fat as a source of energy, glycerol and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream. The glycerol component can be converted into glucose by the liver and provides energy for cellular metabolism. Normally, glycerol shows very little acute toxicity and very high oral doses or acute exposures can be tolerated. On the other hand, chronically high levels of glycerol in the blood are associated with glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD). GKD causes the condition known as hyperglycerolemia, an accumulation of glycerol in the blood and urine. There are three clinically distinct forms of GKD: infantile, juvenile, and adult. The infantile form is the most severe and is associated with vomiting, lethargy, severe developmental delay, and adrenal insufficiency. The mechanisms of glycerol toxicity in infants are not known, but it appears to shift metabolism towards chronic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated GKD. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. Patients with the adult form of GKD generally have no symptoms and are often detected fortuitously.56-81-5C0011675317522GLYCEROL733DB04077OCC(O)COC3H8O3InChI=1S/C3H8O3/c4-1-3(6)2-5/h3-6H,1-2H2PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-Npropane-1,2,3-triol92.093892.0473441221.103glycerol00FDB0007561,2,3-trihydroxypropane;Bulbold;Cristal;E 422;Emery 916;Glyceol opthalgan;Glycerin;Glycerine;Glyceritol;Glycerol;Glycyl alcohol;Glyrol;Glysanin;Ifp;Incorporation factor;Mackstat h 66;Osmoglyn;Pricerine 9091;Propanetriol;Rg-s;Trihydroxypropane;Tryhydroxypropane;1,2,3-propanetriol;Glycerolum;Glyzerin;Gro;OelsuessPW_C000085Ifp2063822161530939629710862981079232170125451514244831842449315779031137803511178064114121229126121389122121435409123799443123948135123993137414Adenosine triphosphateHMDB0000538Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).56-65-5C00002595715422ATP5742DB00171NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid507.181506.995745159-2.057adenosine triphosphate0-3FDB0218135'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acidPW_C000414ATP9221460826616414224781373332799593439976321051821121021464921561421605824055924342727264628122930296631637236166136175143992344743147689148645450328950352651557520597521510052501045291101531311153461125390103540611754301185443120554212955561325569133560313556211085846143585414658761075897147592415160481556109161623016664931786839188687016069761997157205718420672092107225213722921172981987302216739021774082187432163748122274991908186225118472771190317012010281120391641217828512578226126912901326422315327308423263154262132242694318770282537721813477233329774683337763233678037332780413507816812878214351782403537841133578494115788501307886533178919334800283688004618480674119856291948261241132349411328238811628010911991412211999240612015440712024538212036241212124642912139212312139743312147140812197441012206512512207938312208340512240242212244443512291939912300944612381646412395144712395646812402937412452744412461613612463039812463437612494347212497237512501147012530429712537147912539229912551548112559548412612348512622030012623449512624047812654749112659649912691350112712338912773151612778139512779639012780120912811950812816751781Glycerol 3-phosphateHMDB0000126Glycerol 3-phosphate is a chemical intermediate in the glycolysis metabolic pathway. It is commonly confused with the similarly named glycerate 3-phosphate or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycerol 3-phosphate is produced from glycerol, the triose sugar backbone of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids, by the enzyme glycerol kinase. Glycerol 3-phospate may then be converted by dehydrogenation to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. DHAP can then be rearranged into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P) by triose phosphate isomerase (TIM), and feed into glycolysis. The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is used to rapidly regenerate NAD+ in the brain and skeletal muscle cells of mammals (wikipedia).17989-41-2C0009343916215978GLYCEROL-3P388308DB02515OC[C@@H](O)COP(O)(O)=OC3H9O6PInChI=1S/C3H9O6P/c4-1-3(5)2-9-10(6,7)8/h3-5H,1-2H2,(H2,6,7,8)/t3-/m1/s1AWUCVROLDVIAJX-GSVOUGTGSA-N[(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropoxy]phosphonic acid172.0737172.013674532-0.7543-phosphoglycerol0-2FDB0218001-(dihydrogen phosphate) glycerol;1-glycerophosphate;1-glycerophosphorate;1-glycerophosphoric acid;3-glycerophosphate;Dl-glycerol 1-phosphate;Dl-glycerol 3-phosphate;Dl-a-glycerol phosphate;Dl-a-glycerophosphate;Dl-a-glycerophosphorate;Dl-a-glycerophosphoric acid;Dl-a-glyceryl phosphate;Dl-alpha-glycerol phosphate;Dl-alpha-glycerophosphate;Dl-alpha-glycerophosphorate;Dl-alpha-glycerophosphoric acid;Dl-alpha-glyceryl phosphate;Dihydrogen a-glycerophosphate;Glycerol 1-phosphate;Glycerol a-phosphate;Glycerol monophosphate;Glycerophosphate;Glycerophosphorate;Glycerophosphoric acid;Glycerophosphoric acid i;Glyceryl phosphate;Sn-gro-1-p;Sn-glycerol 3-phosphate;A-glycerophosphate;A-glycerophosphorate;A-glycerophosphoric acid;A-phosphoglycerol;Alpha-glycerophosphate;Alpha-glycerophosphorate;Alpha-glycerophosphoric acid;Alpha-phosphoglycerol;D-glycerol 1-phosphate;Glycerol 3-phosphoric acid;D-glycerol 1-phosphoric acidPW_C000081Glyc1P10438147521488422115586295107629610884121629122170106531881254615112550223153192493481417424663184246731578030111780523507837234578378132799521348180825393826124947893841105533881106363911158401181207561221212974181213451211214154331233531351238674541239744681257882971259784891259912991272432051274315061034Adenosine diphosphateHMDB0001341Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases.58-64-0C00008602216761ADP5800NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H15N5O10P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O10P2/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(24-10)1-23-27(21,22)25-26(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid427.2011427.029414749-2.126adenosine-diphosphate0-2FDB021817Adp;Adenosindiphosphorsaeure;Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenosine diphosphate;Adenosine pyrophosphate;Adenosine-5'-diphosphate;Adenosine-5-diphosphate;Adenosine-diphosphate;5'-adenylphosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-diphosphate;H3adp;5'-adenylphosphate;Adenosine 5'-diphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-diphosphoric acidPW_C001034ADP23413484152248213801596315978310611415182190149210418211310216158240859243527272847273646285529316572363561440023447631477091503626515775208975217100531511153491125392103544612055441295572133562410857411175764101584914358561465878107589914759261516050155611116162311666495178670094684118868721607159205718720672082107226213723121173001987303216739121774102187433163748322281872251185127711905170120132811218028513262223153293084232831542398313426223224269631877029253770871327721613477306329774723337766333678039332780433507817012878215351782443537841433578495115787053317884913078920334800303688062211880651135806761199482712411328338811620410911994412211999440612015640712031838212036641212124842912139412312139943312147240812189938312197641012206412512208540512240542212244543512297339912301344612381846412395344712395846812403037412445239812452944412461513612463637612494747212497537512501247012533429712537347912549229912551748112564548412612548512621930012623549512624247812655049112659749912691550112773351612778039512779739012780320912812250812816851712831338942631Glycerone phosphateDihydroxyacetone phosphate dilithium salt belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate dilithium salt is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa).[Li+].[Li+].OCC(=O)COP([O-])([O-])=OC3H5Li2O6PInChI=1S/C3H7O6P.2Li/c4-1-3(5)2-9-10(6,7)8;;/h4H,1-2H2,(H2,6,7,8);;/q;2*+1/p-2QWIKESRFRWLYIA-UHFFFAOYSA-Ldilithium(1+) ion 1-hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)propan-2-one181.924182.014382502-0.701dilithium(1+) ion dihydroxyacetone phosphate0-2PW_C042631GlyPhop1254722312914222309TriglycerideCompound2429CompoundPW_EC000309C00422KEGG CompoundTG3101,2-DiglycerideCompoundCompoundPW_EC00031049172ChEBI1,2-DG25Fatty AcidCompound145CompoundPW_EC00002535366ChEBIFA3112-AcylglycerolCompoundCompoundPW_EC000311C02112KEGG Compound2A3121-MonoglycerideCompoundCompoundPW_EC00031235759ChEBI1-MG231an electron-transfer quinoneCompound1860CompoundPW_EC000231Quinone232electron-transfer quinolCompound41682CompoundPW_EC000232Quinol11601Triacylglycerol lipaseQ9LZA6Triacylglycerol lipase is an enzyme localized to the oil body (storage vacuole) membrane that catalyzes a reaction in the triacylglycerol degradation pathway whereby a triglyceride is converted into a 1,2-diglyceride.SDP143.1.1.31253522712783151129132269659UnknownUnknown45.4.99.-; 4.2.1.-59301517466222749022374942248171225927222180962253809633798096438013660729313704569313705124911603AcylhydrolaseO49523Acylhydrolase is an enzyme in the cytosol that catalyzes a reaction in the triacylglycerol degradation pathway whereby a 1-monoglyceride is converted into glycerol.DSEL43.1.1.231253915111604Glycerol kinaseQ9M8L4Glycerol kinase is an enzyme in the cytosol that catalyzes a reaction in the triacylglycerol degradation pathway whereby glycerol is converted into glycerol 3-phosphate.GLPK42.7.1.301254115111605Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenaseQ9SS48Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is an enzyme localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane that catalyzes a reaction in the triacylglycerol degradation pathway whereby glycerol 3-phosphate is converted into glycerone phosphate.SDP641.1.5.312543223129152225479Triacylglycerol lipase4PW_P0054791283311601125362275480Diglyceride lipase4PW_P005480128349659125381515481Acylhydrolase4PW_P0054811283511603125401515482Glycerol kinase4PW_P0054821283611604125421515483Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase4PW_P0054831283711605125442235484Glycerol 3-phosphate transporter4PW_P0054841283896591254922347595PW_R047595Right1472543091ElementCollectionfalse14725514201Compoundfalse1472563101ElementCollectionfalse147257251ElementCollectionfalse147258400341Compoundfalse3773754793.1.1.347596PW_R047596Right1472593101ElementCollectionfalse14726014201Compoundfalse1472613111ElementCollectionfalse147262251ElementCollectionfalse147263400341Compoundfalse3773854803.1.1.34/3.1.1.7947597truePW_R047597Right1472643111ElementCollectionfalse1472653121ElementCollectionfalse47598PW_R047598Right1472663121ElementCollectionfalse14726714201Compoundfalse147268851Compoundfalse147269400341Compoundfalse147270251ElementCollectionfalse3773954813.1.1.2347599PW_R047599Both147271851Compoundfalse1472724141Compoundfalse147273811Compoundfalse147274400341Compoundfalse14727510341Compoundfalse3774054822.7.1.3047600PW_R047600Right147276811Compoundfalse1472772311ElementCollectionfalse147278426311Compoundfalse1472792321ElementCollectionfalse3774154831.1.5.3901PW_T0009011053811Compound151223Right80154842017-02-25T16:30:50-07:002017-02-25T16:30:50-07:00223420368142022749false67629510regular78784203694003422755false100129510regular7878420370142015149false112629510regular78784203714003415155false145129510regular7878420372142015149false187130510regular7878420373851513false225042410regular1001004203744003415155false220129910regular787842037541415142false234533910regular5030420376811513false270041710regular1001104203774003415155false265157210regular7878420378103415143false265034510regular5030420379426312233false180091210regular100110420380812233false2700102210regular100110384530937227false60042312regular10090384631037227false105042312regular1009038472537227false100057312regular10090384831137151false150042312regular1009038492537151false145057312regular10090385031237151false180042312regular1009038512537151false220057712regular10090385223137223false2200107212regular10090385323237223false1850107212regular100902512011160122799false8004388subunitregular15070251202965915198false12504388proteinregular15070251203116031512false20004388subunitregular15070251204116041512false24454368subunitregular150702512051160522399false20009348subunitregular15070251206965976false26759078proteinregular15070143786547912682227250394251201143787548012682151250395251202143788548112682151250396251203143789548212682151250397251204143790548312682223250398251205143791548412682250399251206648682M754 334 C753 432 770 473 800 473 5false18trueM 937.0096189432334 660.5 L 950 653 L 937.0096189432334 645.5false648683M1001 334 C1000 434 980 473 950 473 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false648684M700 473 C730 473 770 473 800 473 5false18648685M1050 473 C1020 473 980 473 950 473 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false648686M1000 623 C1000 535 980 473 950 473 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false648687M600 473 C570 473 480 471 450 471 5false18trueM 712.0096189432334 660.5 L 725 653 L 712.0096189432334 645.5false648688M1204 334 C1204 434 1220 473 1250 473 5false18trueM 1387.0096189432334 660.5 L 1400 653 L 1387.0096189432334 645.5false648689M1451 334 C1449 433 1430 473 1400 473 5false18trueM 716.9468550441649 13.26155629629604 L 702 12 L 708.3808877211858 25.575134323078345false648690M1150 473 C1180 473 1220 473 1250 473 5false18648691M1500 473 C1470 473 1430 473 1400 473 5false18trueM 716.9468550441649 13.26155629629604 L 702 12 L 708.3808877211858 25.575134323078345false648692M1450 623 C1449 540 1430 473 1400 473 5false18trueM 716.9468550441649 13.26155629629604 L 702 12 L 708.3808877211858 25.575134323078345false648693M1600 473 C1630 473 1640 468 1670 468 5true18648694M1800 473 C1770 473 1630 473 1600 473 5false18trueM 853.9468550441649 198.26155629629605 L 839 197 L 845.3808877211858 210.57513432307834false648695M1949 344 C1947 432 1971 468 2001 468 5false18trueM 2138.0096189432334 655.5 L 2151 648 L 2138.0096189432334 640.5false648696M2250 474 C2220 474 2180 473 2150 473 5false18trueM 1310.9468550441647 198.26155629629605 L 1296 197 L 1302.380887721186 210.57513432307834false648697M2201 338 C2202 416 2180 473 2150 473 5false18trueM 1310.9468550441647 198.26155629629605 L 1296 197 L 1302.380887721186 210.57513432307834false648698M1900 473 C1930 473 1970 473 2000 473 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971 2150 969 5false18trueM 2313.2497907707957 1141.9684251742488 L 2300 1149 L 2312.7144178131093 1156.958867989462false648706M1900 967 C1930 967 1970 969 2000 969 5false18trueM 2132.9468550441647 498.261556296296 L 2118 497 L 2124.380887721186 510.5751343230783false648707M2200 1132 C2199 1041 2180 969 2150 969 5false18648708M1950 1132 C1949 1037 1970 969 2000 969 5false18trueM 2132.9468550441647 498.261556296296 L 2118 497 L 2124.380887721186 510.5751343230783false648709M2750 527 C2750 557 2750 877 2750 907 83false18648710M2750 1022 C2750 992 2750 1007 2750 977 83false18trueM 2125.9468550441647 598.261556296296 L 2111 597 L 2117.380887721186 610.5751343230784false1552341268247595227579192420368648682Left579193420369648683Right40743845648684Left40753846648685Right40763847648686Right116329377371437861552351268247596151579194420370648688Left579195420371648689Right40773846648690Left40783848648691Right40793849648692Right11633037738143787155236126824759715140803848648693Left40813850648694Right1552371268247598151579196420372648695Left579197420373648696Right579198420374648697Right40823850648698Left40833851648699Right116331377391437881552381268247599151579199420373648700Left579200420375648701Left579201420376648702Right579202420377648703Right579203420378648704Right116332377401437891552391268247600223579204420376648705Left579205420379648706Right40843852648707Left40853853648708Right11633337741143790203199011268241133420376648709Left41134420380648710Right199611437918013832447512682217false30043616regular313845648687Right215647627201.21.20491543497215962617301.01.0015943536453342M1450 794 C1512 793 2829 799 2905 797 84false61455.03.053343M1450 944 C1530 943 2823 942 2904 945 84false61454.01.053344M125 225 C125 175 175 125 225 125 C1043 125 2106 125 2924 125 C2974 125 3024 175 3024 225 C3024 541 3024 952 3024 1268 C3024 1318 2974 1368 2924 1368 C2106 1368 1043 1368 225 1368 C175 1368 125 1318 125 1268 C125 952 125 541 125 225 1true62899.01243.053415M871 250.81817626953125 C872 317.81817626953125 873 648.8181762695312 872 701.8181762695312 238false60.00.02155315Mitochondrial Outer Membrane1462753201.01.0160152155415Mitochondrial Inner Membrane1462903201.01.0160152155515Matrix1462983201.01.0160152155615Cytosol2720256201.01.0160152159115Vacuole Membrane785241201.01.016015206611231110314517712905124839#FFEBEB414544772068832676825225089870341#D8ECEA4646453