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Pathway Description
Fructose Metabolism
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-05-12
Last Updated: 2019-09-12
Fructose metabolism takes place in the cytosol. D-Fructose can be synthesized from either isomerization of alpha-D-glucose via xylose isomerase or from sorbitol via sorbitol dehydrogenase. D-Fructose can then be directed to either Amino Sugar and Nucleotide Sugar Metabolism or used to synthesize beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate, either by hexokinase or fructokinase. Beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate can also be synthesized from D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate via the enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. Next, 6-phosphofructokinase uses ATP to catalyze the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. It requires a magnesium ion as a cofactor. Alternatively, fructose 1,6-bisophosphate can be synthesized from beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate from pyrophosphate--fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase. This enzyme has a regulatory alpha subunit and a catalytic beta subunit and requires magnesium ion as a cofactor. Fructose 1,6-bisophosphate can be re-synthesized into beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate by fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Next, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and glycerone phosphate. Triosephosphate isomerase can also catalyze the interconversion of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and glycerone phosphate. Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase also catalyzes the reversible conversion of D-fructose 1-phosphate into glycerone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde. D-glyceraldehyde is theorized to be then be subsequently converted into D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via the predicted protein triokinase (coloured in orange in the image).
References
Fructose Metabolism References
Lim H, Cho MH, Jeon JS, Bhoo SH, Kwon YK, Hahn TR: Altered expression of pyrophosphate: fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase affects the growth of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Mol Cells. 2009 Jun 30;27(6):641-9. doi: 10.1007/s10059-009-0085-0. Epub 2009 Jun 12.
Pubmed: 19533038
Mustroph A, Sonnewald U, Biemelt S: Characterisation of the ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase gene family from Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett. 2007 May 29;581(13):2401-10. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.04.060. Epub 2007 Apr 30.
Pubmed: 17485088
Aguayo MF, Ampuero D, Mandujano P, Parada R, Munoz R, Gallart M, Altabella T, Cabrera R, Stange C, Handford M: Sorbitol dehydrogenase is a cytosolic protein required for sorbitol metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Sci. 2013 May;205-206:63-75. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.01.012. Epub 2013 Feb 7.
Pubmed: 23498864
Kaneko T, Kotani H, Nakamura Y, Sato S, Asamizu E, Miyajima N, Tabata S: Structural analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 5. V. Sequence features of the regions of 1,381,565 bp covered by twenty one physically assigned P1 and TAC clones. DNA Res. 1998 Apr 30;5(2):131-45. doi: 10.1093/dnares/5.2.131.
Pubmed: 9679202
Cheng CY, Krishnakumar V, Chan AP, Thibaud-Nissen F, Schobel S, Town CD: Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome. Plant J. 2017 Feb;89(4):789-804. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13415. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Pubmed: 27862469
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Pubmed: 14593172
Nakamura Y, Sato S, Asamizu E, Kaneko T, Kotani H, Miyajima N, Tabata S: Structural analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 5. VII. Sequence features of the regions of 1,013,767 bp covered by sixteen physically assigned P1 and TAC clones. DNA Res. 1998 Oct 30;5(5):297-308. doi: 10.1093/dnares/5.5.297.
Pubmed: 9872454
Moore B, Zhou L, Rolland F, Hall Q, Cheng WH, Liu YX, Hwang I, Jones T, Sheen J: Role of the Arabidopsis glucose sensor HXK1 in nutrient, light, and hormonal signaling. Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):332-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1080585.
Pubmed: 12690200
Huang JP, Tunc-Ozdemir M, Chang Y, Jones AM: Cooperative control between AtRGS1 and AtHXK1 in a WD40-repeat protein pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci. 2015 Oct 13;6:851. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00851. eCollection 2015.
Pubmed: 26528314
Dai N, Schaffer AA, Petreikov M, Granot D: Arabidopsis thaliana hexokinase cDNA isolated by complementation of yeast cells. Plant Physiol. 1995 Jun;108(2):879-80. doi: 10.1104/pp.108.2.879.
Pubmed: 7610198
Lin X, Kaul S, Rounsley S, Shea TP, Benito MI, Town CD, Fujii CY, Mason T, Bowman CL, Barnstead M, Feldblyum TV, Buell CR, Ketchum KA, Lee J, Ronning CM, Koo HL, Moffat KS, Cronin LA, Shen M, Pai G, Van Aken S, Umayam L, Tallon LJ, Gill JE, Adams MD, Carrera AJ, Creasy TH, Goodman HM, Somerville CR, Copenhaver GP, Preuss D, Nierman WC, White O, Eisen JA, Salzberg SL, Fraser CM, Venter JC: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 2 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 1999 Dec 16;402(6763):761-8. doi: 10.1038/45471.
Pubmed: 10617197
Kulma A, Villadsen D, Campbell DG, Meek SE, Harthill JE, Nielsen TH, MacKintosh C: Phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding of Arabidopsis 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. Plant J. 2004 Mar;37(5):654-67.
Pubmed: 14871307
Villadsen D, Rung JH, Draborg H, Nielsen TH: Structure and heterologous expression of a gene encoding fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Jul 24;1492(2-3):406-13. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00134-2.
Pubmed: 10899575
Theologis A, Ecker JR, Palm CJ, Federspiel NA, Kaul S, White O, Alonso J, Altafi H, Araujo R, Bowman CL, Brooks SY, Buehler E, Chan A, Chao Q, Chen H, Cheuk RF, Chin CW, Chung MK, Conn L, Conway AB, Conway AR, Creasy TH, Dewar K, Dunn P, Etgu P, Feldblyum TV, Feng J, Fong B, Fujii CY, Gill JE, Goldsmith AD, Haas B, Hansen NF, Hughes B, Huizar L, Hunter JL, Jenkins J, Johnson-Hopson C, Khan S, Khaykin E, Kim CJ, Koo HL, Kremenetskaia I, Kurtz DB, Kwan A, Lam B, Langin-Hooper S, Lee A, Lee JM, Lenz CA, Li JH, Li Y, Lin X, Liu SX, Liu ZA, Luros JS, Maiti R, Marziali A, Militscher J, Miranda M, Nguyen M, Nierman WC, Osborne BI, Pai G, Peterson J, Pham PK, Rizzo M, Rooney T, Rowley D, Sakano H, Salzberg SL, Schwartz JR, Shinn P, Southwick AM, Sun H, Tallon LJ, Tambunga G, Toriumi MJ, Town CD, Utterback T, Van Aken S, Vaysberg M, Vysotskaia VS, Walker M, Wu D, Yu G, Fraser CM, Venter JC, Davis RW: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):816-20. doi: 10.1038/35048500.
Pubmed: 11130712
Mayer K, Schuller C, Wambutt R, Murphy G, Volckaert G, Pohl T, Dusterhoft A, Stiekema W, Entian KD, Terryn N, Harris B, Ansorge W, Brandt P, Grivell L, Rieger M, Weichselgartner M, de Simone V, Obermaier B, Mache R, Muller M, Kreis M, Delseny M, Puigdomenech P, Watson M, Schmidtheini T, Reichert B, Portatelle D, Perez-Alonso M, Boutry M, Bancroft I, Vos P, Hoheisel J, Zimmermann W, Wedler H, Ridley P, Langham SA, McCullagh B, Bilham L, Robben J, Van der Schueren J, Grymonprez B, Chuang YJ, Vandenbussche F, Braeken M, Weltjens I, Voet M, Bastiaens I, Aert R, Defoor E, Weitzenegger T, Bothe G, Ramsperger U, Hilbert H, Braun M, Holzer E, Brandt A, Peters S, van Staveren M, Dirske W, Mooijman P, Klein Lankhorst R, Rose M, Hauf J, Kotter P, Berneiser S, Hempel S, Feldpausch M, Lamberth S, Van den Daele H, De Keyser A, Buysshaert C, Gielen J, Villarroel R, De Clercq R, Van Montagu M, Rogers J, Cronin A, Quail M, Bray-Allen S, Clark L, Doggett J, Hall S, Kay M, Lennard N, McLay K, Mayes R, Pettett A, Rajandream MA, Lyne M, Benes V, Rechmann S, Borkova D, Blocker H, Scharfe M, Grimm M, Lohnert TH, Dose S, de Haan M, Maarse A, Schafer M, Muller-Auer S, Gabel C, Fuchs M, Fartmann B, Granderath K, Dauner D, Herzl A, Neumann S, Argiriou A, Vitale D, Liguori R, Piravandi E, Massenet O, Quigley F, Clabauld G, Mundlein A, Felber R, Schnabl S, Hiller R, Schmidt W, Lecharny A, Aubourg S, Chefdor F, Cooke R, Berger C, Montfort A, Casacuberta E, Gibbons T, Weber N, Vandenbol M, Bargues M, Terol J, Torres A, Perez-Perez A, Purnelle B, Bent E, Johnson S, Tacon D, Jesse T, Heijnen L, Schwarz S, Scholler P, Heber S, Francs P, Bielke C, Frishman D, Haase D, Lemcke K, Mewes HW, Stocker S, Zaccaria P, Bevan M, Wilson RK, de la Bastide M, Habermann K, Parnell L, Dedhia N, Gnoj L, Schutz K, Huang E, Spiegel L, Sehkon M, Murray J, Sheet P, Cordes M, Abu-Threideh J, Stoneking T, Kalicki J, Graves T, Harmon G, Edwards J, Latreille P, Courtney L, Cloud J, Abbott A, Scott K, Johnson D, Minx P, Bentley D, Fulton B, Miller N, Greco T, Kemp K, Kramer J, Fulton L, Mardis E, Dante M, Pepin K, Hillier L, Nelson J, Spieth J, Ryan E, Andrews S, Geisel C, Layman D, Du H, Ali J, Berghoff A, Jones K, Drone K, Cotton M, Joshu C, Antonoiu B, Zidanic M, Strong C, Sun H, Lamar B, Yordan C, Ma P, Zhong J, Preston R, Vil D, Shekher M, Matero A, Shah R, Swaby IK, O'Shaughnessy A, Rodriguez M, Hoffmann J, Till S, Granat S, Shohdy N, Hasegawa A, Hameed A, Lodhi M, Johnson A, Chen E, Marra M, Martienssen R, McCombie WR: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 4 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 1999 Dec 16;402(6763):769-77. doi: 10.1038/47134.
Pubmed: 10617198
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