88115
Pathway
Taurine and Hypotaurine Metabolism
Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an organic acid. Taurine is a derivative of the sulfur-containing (sulfhydryl) amino acid, cysteine. For mammalian taurine synthesis occurs in the pancreas via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. In this pathway, the sulfhydryl group of cysteine is first oxidized to cysteine sulfinic acid by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase. Cysteine sulfinic acid, in turn, is decarboxylated by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to form hypotaurine. Taurine is conjugated via its amino terminal group with chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid to form the bile salts sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate. This reaction is catalyzed by BAAT (bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acetyltransferase). In the body, this reaction occurs in hepatocytes and is the means by which bile acids recovered from the intestine are converted to bile salts before being released again into the bile. The low pKa (1. 5) of taurine's sulfonic acid group ensures that this moiety is negatively charged in the pH ranges normally found in the intestinal tract.
Metabolic
PW088233
Center
PathwayVisualizationContext88509
1700
1800
#000099
PathwayVisualization87989
88115
Taurine and Hypotaurine Metabolism
Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an organic acid. Taurine is a derivative of the sulfur-containing (sulfhydryl) amino acid, cysteine. For mammalian taurine synthesis occurs in the pancreas via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. In this pathway, the sulfhydryl group of cysteine is first oxidized to cysteine sulfinic acid by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase. Cysteine sulfinic acid, in turn, is decarboxylated by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to form hypotaurine. Taurine is conjugated via its amino terminal group with chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid to form the bile salts sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate. This reaction is catalyzed by BAAT (bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acetyltransferase). In the body, this reaction occurs in hepatocytes and is the means by which bile acids recovered from the intestine are converted to bile salts before being released again into the bile. The low pKa (1. 5) of taurine's sulfonic acid group ensures that this moiety is negatively charged in the pH ranges normally found in the intestinal tract.
Metabolic
5
108206
27
SubPathway
107275
448
Compound
122
108207
6
SubPathway
107276
448
Compound
122
108208
88
SubPathway
107277
171
Compound
122
1
Cell
CL:0000000
2
Platelet
CL:0000233
3
Neuron
CL:0000540
6
Myocyte
CL:0000187
5
Hepatocyte
CL:0000182
1
Homo sapiens
9606
Eukaryote
Human
3
Escherichia coli
562
Prokaryote
18
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
4932
Eukaryote
Yeast
4
Arabidopsis thaliana
3702
Eukaryote
Thale cress
25
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
83333
Prokaryote
23
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
287
Prokaryote
12
Mus musculus
10090
Eukaryote
Mouse
17
Rattus norvegicus
10116
Eukaryote
Rat
5
Bos taurus
9913
Eukaryote
Cattle
10
Drosophila melanogaster
7227
Eukaryote
Fruit fly
6
Caenorhabditis elegans
6239
Eukaryote
Roundworm
24
Solanum lycopersicum
4081
Eukaryote
Tomato
49
Bathymodiolus platifrons
220390
Eukaryote
Deep sea mussel
2
Bacteria
2
Prokaryote
Bacteria
21
Xenopus laevis
8355
Eukaryote
African clawed frog
60
Nitzschia sp.
0001
Eukaryote
Nitzschia4
5
Cytoplasm
GO:0005737
1
Cytosol
GO:0005829
6
Lysosome
GO:0005764
11
Extracellular Space
GO:0005615
31
Periplasmic Space
GO:0005620
2
Mitochondrion
GO:0005739
34
Plant-Type Vacuole
GO:0000325
35
Chloroplast
GO:0009507
4
Peroxisome
GO:0005777
13
Endoplasmic Reticulum
GO:0005783
10
Cell Membrane
GO:0005886
16
Lysosomal Lumen
GO:0043202
7
Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane
GO:0005789
3
Mitochondrial Matrix
GO:0005759
18
Melanosome Membrane
GO:0033162
14
Mitochondrial Outer Membrane
GO:0005741
24
Mitochondrial Intermembrane Space
GO:0005758
36
Membrane
GO:0016020
12
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
GO:0005743
25
Golgi apparatus
GO:0005794
2
Endothelium
BTO:0000393
1
Liver
BTO:0000759
72
9
4
Adrenal Medulla
BTO:0000049
71
8
3
Sympathetic Nervous System
BTO:0001832
28
Stomach
BTO:0001307
155
26
9
Muscle
BTO:0000887
141
18
24
Brain
BTO:0000142
89
16
8
5
1
1
PW_BS000008
2
1
1
1
PW_BS000002
9
6
1
1
PW_BS000009
15
11
1
PW_BS000015
101
5
3
1
PW_BS000101
108
1
3
PW_BS000108
117
1
3
1
PW_BS000117
107
31
3
PW_BS000107
188
1
18
PW_BS000024
224
2
4
1
PW_BS000024
160
1
18
1
PW_BS000160
227
34
4
1
PW_BS000024
225
35
4
1
PW_BS000024
281
1
25
1
PW_BS000024
151
1
4
1
PW_BS000151
315
1
23
PW_BS000024
322
1
23
1
PW_BS000024
111
5
12
1
PW_BS000111
113
6
12
1
PW_BS000113
132
1
12
1
PW_BS000132
135
5
17
1
PW_BS000135
122
5
5
1
PW_BS000122
124
1
5
1
PW_BS000124
126
6
5
1
PW_BS000126
118
1
17
1
PW_BS000118
443
6
17
1
PW_BS000115
297
5
10
1
PW_BS000024
299
1
10
1
PW_BS000024
205
5
6
1
PW_BS000024
388
1
6
1
PW_BS000112
5
4
1
1
PW_BS000005
16
2
1
2
PW_BS000016
18
13
1
1
PW_BS000018
14
10
1
PW_BS000014
28
1
16
1
1
PW_BS000028
3
2
1
1
PW_BS000003
10
1
7
1
1
PW_BS000010
31
1
5
1
1
PW_BS000031
20
4
1
1
1
PW_BS000020
4
3
1
1
PW_BS000004
33
18
1
1
PW_BS000033
49
7
1
1
PW_BS000049
24
4
10
1
1
PW_BS000024
22
14
1
1
PW_BS000022
29
1
1
1
PW_BS000029
42
24
1
1
PW_BS000042
13
1
2
1
PW_BS000013
123
1
7
5
1
PW_BS000123
125
13
5
1
PW_BS000125
127
1
16
5
1
PW_BS000127
147
1
24
1
PW_BS000147
159
24
PW_BS000159
163
2
18
1
PW_BS000163
213
7
18
1
PW_BS000024
210
13
18
1
PW_BS000024
212
1
7
18
1
PW_BS000024
216
4
18
1
PW_BS000024
198
5
18
1
PW_BS000024
215
6
18
1
PW_BS000024
211
10
18
PW_BS000024
164
4
PW_BS000164
286
36
4
1
PW_BS000024
226
4
4
1
PW_BS000024
249
13
4
1
PW_BS000024
291
6
49
1
PW_BS000024
292
4
49
1
PW_BS000024
298
1
7
10
1
PW_BS000024
300
13
10
1
PW_BS000024
301
6
10
1
PW_BS000024
302
1
16
10
1
PW_BS000024
223
12
4
1
PW_BS000024
17
12
1
1
PW_BS000017
293
4
1
PW_BS000024
294
11
4
1
PW_BS000024
134
12
12
1
PW_BS000134
130
13
12
1
PW_BS000130
331
7
12
1
PW_BS000028
332
1
7
12
1
PW_BS000028
115
10
12
PW_BS000115
334
4
12
1
PW_BS000028
336
1
12
1
PW_BS000028
337
1
16
12
1
PW_BS000028
112
2
12
1
PW_BS000112
129
1
5
12
1
PW_BS000129
341
4
1
12
1
PW_BS000028
114
11
12
PW_BS000114
133
3
12
1
PW_BS000133
329
14
12
1
PW_BS000028
345
24
12
1
PW_BS000028
343
18
12
1
PW_BS000028
360
4
10
12
1
PW_BS000028
408
4
5
1
PW_BS000115
405
10
5
PW_BS000115
407
2
5
1
PW_BS000115
414
1
5
5
1
PW_BS000115
409
11
5
PW_BS000115
406
3
5
1
PW_BS000115
415
18
5
1
PW_BS000115
383
7
5
1
PW_BS000100
434
4
10
5
1
PW_BS000115
429
1
5
1
PW_BS000115
382
14
5
1
PW_BS000100
418
24
5
1
PW_BS000115
384
12
5
1
PW_BS000100
374
4
17
1
PW_BS000053
376
10
17
PW_BS000053
447
1
7
17
1
PW_BS000115
136
13
17
1
PW_BS000136
448
1
16
17
1
PW_BS000115
119
2
17
1
PW_BS000119
450
1
5
17
1
PW_BS000115
137
11
17
PW_BS000137
120
3
17
1
PW_BS000120
451
18
17
1
PW_BS000115
398
7
17
1
PW_BS000113
469
4
10
17
1
PW_BS000115
464
1
17
1
PW_BS000115
399
14
17
1
PW_BS000113
454
24
17
1
PW_BS000115
121
12
17
1
PW_BS000121
482
4
10
1
PW_BS000115
478
10
10
PW_BS000115
483
11
10
PW_BS000115
479
3
10
1
PW_BS000115
481
2
10
1
PW_BS000115
484
14
10
1
PW_BS000115
495
7
10
1
PW_BS000115
489
24
10
1
PW_BS000115
480
12
10
1
PW_BS000115
502
4
6
1
PW_BS000115
207
6
6
1
PW_BS000024
209
10
6
PW_BS000024
208
11
6
PW_BS000024
501
3
6
1
PW_BS000115
504
18
6
1
PW_BS000115
206
2
6
1
PW_BS000024
515
4
10
6
1
PW_BS000115
389
14
6
1
PW_BS000112
395
13
6
1
PW_BS000113
390
7
6
1
PW_BS000112
506
24
6
1
PW_BS000115
391
12
6
1
PW_BS000112
19
3
5
1
3
PW_BS000019
140
10
3
PW_BS000140
1
1
PW_BS000001
43
25
1
1
PW_BS000043
70
28
5
1
1
PW_BS000070
103
3
3
1
PW_BS000103
100
5
2
1
PW_BS000100
155
3
24
1
PW_BS000155
161
3
18
1
PW_BS000161
178
3
21
1
PW_BS000178
190
11
18
PW_BS000024
222
3
4
1
PW_BS000024
277
1
2
18
PW_BS000024
170
18
PW_BS000170
290
5
49
1
PW_BS000024
318
31
23
PW_BS000024
333
1
2
12
PW_BS000028
356
25
12
1
PW_BS000028
368
3
60
1
PW_BS000028
412
1
2
5
PW_BS000115
419
25
5
1
PW_BS000115
446
1
2
17
PW_BS000115
455
25
17
1
PW_BS000115
490
25
10
1
PW_BS000115
507
25
6
1
PW_BS000115
50
9
5
1
6
PW_BS000050
26
1
1
1
5
PW_BS000026
85
24
10
1
1
PW_BS000085
289
2
49
1
PW_BS000024
253
5
4
1
PW_BS000024
346
9
5
12
6
PW_BS000028
327
1
1
12
5
PW_BS000028
7
1
1
PW_BS000007
423
9
5
5
6
PW_BS000115
424
1
1
5
5
PW_BS000115
458
9
5
17
6
PW_BS000115
459
1
1
17
5
PW_BS000115
513
1
7
6
1
PW_BS000115
187
31
18
PW_BS000024
448
L-Cysteine
HMDB0000574
Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. Cysteine is unique amongst the twenty natural amino acids as it contains a thiol group. Thiol groups can undergo oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions; when cysteine is oxidized it can form cystine, which is two cysteine residues joined by a disulfide bond. This reaction is reversible since the reduction of this disulphide bond regenerates two cysteine molecules. The disulphide bonds of cystine are crucial to defining the structures of many proteins. Cysteine is often involved in electron-transfer reactions, and help the enzyme catalyze its reaction. Cysteine is also part of the antioxidant glutathione. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is a form of cysteine where an acetyl group is attached to cysteine's nitrogen atom and is sold as a dietary supplement. Cysteine is named after cystine, which comes from the Greek word kustis meaning bladder (cystine was first isolated from kidney stones). Oxidation of cysteine can produce a disulfide bond with another thiol and further oxidation can produce sulphfinic or sulfonic acids. The cysteine thiol group is also a nucleophile and can undergo addition and substitution reactions. Thiol groups become much more reactive when they are ionized, and cysteine residues in proteins have pKa values close to neutrality, so they are often in their reactive thiolate form in the cell. The thiol group also has a high affinity for heavy metals and proteins containing cysteine will bind metals such as mercury, lead, and cadmium tightly. Due to this ability to undergo redox reactions, cysteine has antioxidant properties. Cysteine is an important source of sulfur in human metabolism, and although it is classified as a non-essential amino acid, cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic disease or who suffer from malabsorption syndromes. Cysteine may at some point be recognized as an essential or conditionally essential amino acid (Wikipedia). Cysteine is important in energy metabolism. As cystine, it is a structural component of many tissues and hormones. Cysteine has clinical uses ranging from baldness to psoriasis to preventing smoker's hack. In some cases, oral cysteine therapy has proved excellent for treatment of asthmatics, enabling them to stop theophylline and other medications. Cysteine also enhances the effect of topically applied silver, tin, and zinc salts in preventing dental cavities. In the future, cysteine may play a role in the treatment of cobalt toxicity, diabetes, psychosis, cancer, and seizures (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/).
52-90-4
C00097
5862
17561
CYS
5653
DB00151
N[C@@H](CS)C(O)=O
C3H7NO2S
InChI=1S/C3H7NO2S/c4-2(1-7)3(5)6/h2,7H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1
XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N
(2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid
121.158
121.019749163
-0.72
3
L-cysteine
0
0
DBMET00503
FDB012678
(+)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid;(2r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;(2r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoate;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid;(r)-(+)-cysteine;(r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;(r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;(r)-2-amino-3-mercapto-propanoate;(r)-2-amino-3-mercapto-propanoic acid;(r)-cysteine;2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;2-amino-3-mercaptopropionate;2-amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid;3-mercapto-l-alanine;Acetylcysteine;B-mercaptoalanine;Carbocysteine;Cisteina;Cisteinum;Cystein;Cysteine;Cysteinum;Free cysteine;Half-cystine;L cysteine;L-(+)-cysteine;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid;L-cystein;L-cysteine;Polycysteine;Thioserine;Alpha-amino-beta-thiolpropionic acid;Beta-mercaptoalanine;C;Cys;E920;L-zystein;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulphanylpropanoate;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulphanylpropanoic acid;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropionate
PW_C000448
Cys
174
8
1867
2
2864
9
2870
15
5767
101
5801
108
6756
117
6759
107
7078
188
7496
224
7594
160
8256
227
8260
225
12012
281
12269
151
42651
315
43730
322
77778
111
77795
113
77796
132
80704
135
120125
122
120131
124
120580
126
122863
118
123210
443
125491
297
125498
299
127029
205
127035
388
1065
Oxygen
HMDB0001377
Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131).
7782-44-7
C00007
977
15379
CPD-6641
952
O=O
O2
InChI=1S/O2/c1-2
MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
oxidanone
31.9988
31.989829244
0
singlet oxygen
0
0
FDB022589
Dioxygen;Molecular oxygen;O2;Oxygen;Oxygen molecule;[oo];Dioxygene;Disauerstoff;E 948;E-948;E948
PW_C001065
O2
95
9
110
5
245
16
500
18
505
8
549
14
625
28
638
3
649
10
674
31
688
20
754
15
763
4
769
33
836
2
1375
49
2016
24
2531
22
2803
29
4260
42
4747
13
5467
123
5480
125
5493
126
5508
127
5809
108
5973
147
6129
159
7006
188
7032
163
7050
160
7319
213
7533
210
7560
212
8395
151
11816
216
11864
198
11883
215
11894
211
12057
225
12063
164
12247
286
12279
226
12325
249
12706
291
12716
292
13004
298
13016
300
13026
301
13038
302
13260
223
42276
17
42657
315
76910
293
77044
294
77214
134
77350
111
77363
130
77377
331
77395
332
77497
113
77512
115
77537
334
77626
336
77723
337
77736
112
77747
129
77756
341
77805
114
77812
133
78070
329
78151
132
78381
345
78805
343
79111
360
120047
408
120383
122
120426
405
120542
407
120553
414
120594
409
120601
406
120883
415
121045
124
121104
383
121605
434
121656
429
122117
382
122573
418
122689
384
122798
374
122822
443
123027
135
123060
376
123128
447
123139
136
123163
448
123176
119
123187
450
123219
137
123226
120
123459
451
123609
118
123669
398
124163
469
124214
464
124669
399
125145
454
125275
121
125425
482
125706
478
125731
483
125737
297
125740
479
125884
481
126100
299
126272
484
126522
495
126721
489
126825
480
126964
502
126986
207
127198
209
127214
208
127219
205
127222
501
127305
504
127345
206
127557
388
127574
515
127835
389
128081
395
128095
390
128312
506
128432
391
789
3-Sulfinoalanine
HMDB0000996
3-Sulfinoalanine or cysteinesulfinic acid is a N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist. It is a product of cysteine dioxygenase or CDO [EC 1.13.11.20]. In humans cysteine catabolism is tightly regulated via regulation of cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) levels in the liver, with the turnover of CDO protein being dramatically decreased when intracellular cysteine levels increase. This occurs in response to changes in the intracellular cysteine concentration via changes in the rate of CDO ubiquitination and degradation. Expressed at high levels in the liver with lower levels in the kidney, brain, and lung, cysteine dioxygenase catalyzes the addition of molecular oxygen to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, yielding cysteinesulfinic acid. The oxidative catabolism of cysteine to cysteinesulfinate by CDO represents an irreversible loss of cysteine from the free amino acid pool. Once generated, cysteinesulfinate is shuttled into several pathways including hypotaurine/taurine synthesis, sulfite/sulfate production, and the generation of pyruvate.
1115-65-7
C00606
439270
41721
3-SULFINOALANINE
16743745
OC[C@H]1O[C@H](OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=CC(=O)NC2=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O
C15H24N2O17P2
InChI=1S/C15H24N2O17P2/c18-3-5-8(20)10(22)12(24)14(32-5)33-36(28,29)34-35(26,27)30-4-6-9(21)11(23)13(31-6)17-2-1-7(19)16-15(17)25/h1-2,5-6,8-14,18,20-24H,3-4H2,(H,26,27)(H,28,29)(H,16,19,25)/t5-,6-,8-,9-,10+,11-,12-,13-,14-/m1/s1
HSCJRCZFDFQWRP-JZMIEXBBSA-N
(2R)-2-amino-3-[(R)-sulfino]propanoic acid
566.3018
566.055020376
-0.70
3
3-sulfinoalanine
0
-1
FDB022358
3-sulfino- alanine;3-sulfino-l-alanine;3-sulphino-l-alanine;Alanine 3-sulfinic acid;Cysteine hydrogen sulfite ester;Cysteine sulfinate;Cysteine sulfinic acid;L-cysteine sulfinic acid;L-cysteinesulfinic acid;2-amino-3-sulfino-propionic acid;Cysteine-s,s-dioxide;Cysteine-s-dioxide;L-cysteine-s,s-dioxide;2-amino-3-sulfino-propionate;2-amino-3-sulphino-propionate;2-amino-3-sulphino-propionic acid
PW_C000789
3S-Ala
708
8
77781
111
120560
122
123194
135
544
Fe2+
HMDB0000692
Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. Iron makes up 5% of the Earth's crust and is second in abundance to aluminium among the metals and fourth in abundance among the elements. Physiologically, it. exists as an ion in the body. Iron (as Fe2+, ferrous ion) is a necessary trace element used by all known living organisms. Iron-containing enzymes, usually containing heme prosthetic groups, participate in catalysis of oxidation reactions in biology, and in transport of a number of soluble gases. Iron is an essential constituent of hemoglobin, cytochrome, and other components of respiratory enzyme systems. Its chief functions are in the transport of oxygen to tissue (hemoglobin) and in cellular oxidation mechanisms. Inorganic iron involved in redox reactions is also found in the iron-sulfur clusters of many enzymes, such as nitrogenase (involved in the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen) and hydrogenase. A class of non-heme iron proteins is responsible for a wide range of functions such as ribonucleotide reductase (reduces ribose to deoxyribose; DNA biosynthesis) and purple acid phosphatase (hydrolysis of phosphate esters). When the body is fighting a bacterial infection, the body sequesters iron inside of cells (mostly stored in the storage molecule ferritin) so that it cannot be used by bacteria. Depletion of iron stores may result in iron-deficiency anemia. Iron is used to build up the blood in anemia. Humans experience iron toxicity above 20 milligrams of iron for every kilogram of weight, and 60 milligrams per kilogram is a lethal dose. Over-consumption of iron, often the result of children eating large quantities of ferrous sulfate tablets intended for adult consumption, is the most common toxicological cause of death in children under six. The DRI lists the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for adults as 45 mg/day. For children under fourteen years old the UL is 40 mg/day. Iron is a metal extracted from iron ore, and is almost never found in the free elemental state.
15438-31-0
C14818
27284
29033
Ferric-Hydroxamate-Complexes
25394
DB01592
[Fe++]
Fe
InChI=1S/Fe/q+2
CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
lambda2-iron(2+) ion
55.845
55.934942133
0
lambda2-iron(2+) ion
2
2
FDB016251
Armco iron;Carbonyl iron;Fe;Ferrovac e;Hematite;Infed;Loha;Limonite;Magnetite;Malleable iron;Metopirone;Metyrapone;Pzho;Pzh2m;Remko;Suy-b 2;Taconite;Venofer;Wrought iron;Fe (ii) ion;Fe(ii);Fe2+;Fe(2+);Ferrous ion;Iron ion(2+)
PW_C000544
Fe2+
398
19
641
3
678
31
692
20
709
8
1777
2
7041
163
7052
160
12060
225
12143
151
77179
132
77740
112
77751
129
77760
341
77782
111
120544
407
120557
414
120570
122
121765
124
123178
119
123191
450
123204
135
124316
118
126143
299
126185
481
127650
388
1750
Cysteamine
HMDB0002991
Cysteamine is a product of the constitutive degradation of coenzyme A, a process that occurs in all tissues, although some tissues such as brain and heart may have exceptionally high coenzyme A turnover rates. Cysteamine has only one known function, and that is as a precursor for the formation of hypotaurine, which is subsequently oxidized to taurine. The rate of cysteamine production as a result of coenzyme A breakdown is not well understood but it is clear that cysteamine levels are not as dramatically affected by dietary habits as are cysteine levels. Cysteamine is generated from hypotaurine by cysteamine dioxygenase (EC:1.13.11.19), an enzyme that was recently identified in mammals (PMID: 17581819). Cysteamine is the simplest stable aminothiol found in the body. It is used in the treatment of disorders of cystine excretion. Cysteamine cleaves the disulfide bond with cysteine to produce molecules that can escape the metabolic defect in cystinosis and cystinuria. Cyst(e)amine may also serve as an endogenous regulator of immune system activity as well as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of Huntington disease. Cysteamine is also used as a radiation-protective agent that oxidizes in air to form cystamine. It can be given intravenously or orally to treat radiation sickness. -- Wikipedia.
60-23-1
C01678
6058
17141
CPD-3721
5834
DB00847
NCCS
C2H7NS
InChI=1S/C2H7NS/c3-1-2-4/h4H,1-3H2
UFULAYFCSOUIOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2-aminoethane-1-thiol
77.149
77.029919919
-0.52
2
cysteamine
0
1
FDB023091
(2-mercaptoethyl)amine;2-amino-1-ethanethiol;2-aminoethanethiol;2-aminoethyl mercaptan;2-mercaptoethanamine;Aminoethyl mercaptan;Becaptan;Cash;Cisteamina;Cysteamide;Cysteamin;Cysteamine;Cysteinamine;Decarboxycysteine;Ethanethiolamine;Lambraten;Lambratene;Mecramine;Mercamin;Mercamine;Mercaptamin;Mercaptamine;Merkamin;Riacon;Thioethanolamine;B-aminoethanethiol;B-aminoethylthiol;B-mercaptoethylamine;Beta-aminoethanethiol;Beta-aminoethylthiol;Beta-mercaptoethylamine;2-amino-ethanethiol;Beta-mea;Mea;Mercaptamina;Mercaptaminum;β-aminoethanethiol;β-aminoethylthiol;B-mea;β-mea;β-mercaptoethylamine;Cysteaminium
PW_C001750
Cystamn
1146
14
1233
8
5761
140
78445
115
79012
111
120849
405
120925
122
123430
376
123492
135
125836
478
127289
209
1316
Carbon dioxide
HMDB0001967
Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend on living and decaying plants for food, either directly or indirectly. It is, therefore, a major component of the carbon cycle. Additionally, carbon dioxide is used by plants during photosynthesis to make sugars which may either be consumed again in respiration or used as the raw material to produce polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose, proteins and the wide variety of other organic compounds required for plant growth and development. When inhaled at concentrations much higher than usual atmospheric levels, it can produce a sour taste in the mouth and a stinging sensation in the nose and throat. These effects result from the gas dissolving in the mucous membranes and saliva, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation in beer and sparkling wine comes about through natural fermentation, but some manufacturers carbonate these drinks artificially.
124-38-9
C00011
280
16526
274
O=C=O
CO2
InChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3
CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
methanedione
44.0095
43.989829244
0.63
0
carbon dioxide
0
0
DBMET00423
FDB014084
Carbon oxide;Carbon-12 dioxide;Carbonic acid anhydride;Carbonic acid gas;Carbonic anhydride;[co2];Co2;E 290;E-290;E290;R-744
PW_C001316
CO2
50
8
121
1
204
4
480
13
503
18
640
3
677
31
695
20
806
5
1133
43
1638
49
1745
2
2551
17
3144
70
5283
103
5320
111
5750
108
5771
101
5968
100
6026
155
6078
161
6471
178
6637
107
6922
190
7017
160
7035
163
7061
188
7163
205
7308
198
7333
213
7461
222
7530
210
8215
225
8223
151
9158
249
11849
277
11908
170
12464
226
12688
290
42626
315
43523
318
76994
293
77122
133
77170
132
77470
333
77739
112
77750
129
77763
341
78077
134
78405
356
78427
334
78941
331
79227
130
80008
368
80675
119
80717
135
94836
384
113291
391
115549
121
119954
406
120089
122
120155
407
120364
412
120556
414
120833
419
120922
124
120991
408
121284
125
121505
383
122744
120
123011
446
123190
450
123418
455
123489
118
123556
374
123855
136
124063
398
125344
479
125460
297
125516
481
125824
490
125870
299
125931
482
126280
480
126887
501
127052
206
127277
507
127331
388
127390
502
771
Hypotaurine
HMDB0000965
Hypotaurine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfinic acids. Sulfinic acids are compounds containing a sulfinic acid functional group, with the general structure RS(=O)OH (R = organyl, not H). Hypotaurine is soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Hypotaurine has been found in human prostate tissue, and has also been primarily detected in saliva, feces, urine, and blood. Within the cell, hypotaurine is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, hypotaurine is involved in the taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathway. Hypotaurine is a product of enzyme cysteamine dioxygenase [EC 1.13.11.19] in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathway (KEGG). It may function as an antioxidant and a protective agent under physiological conditions (PMID 14992269).
300-84-5
C00519
107812
16668
HYPOTAURINE
96959
NCCS(O)=O
C2H7NO2S
InChI=1S/C2H7NO2S/c3-1-2-6(4)5/h1-3H2,(H,4,5)
VVIUBCNYACGLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2-aminoethane-1-sulfinic acid
109.147
109.019749163
-0.45
2
hypotaurine
0
0
FDB022342
2-amino-ethanesulfinate;2-amino-ethanesulfinic acid;2-aminoethanesulfinate;2-aminoethanesulfinic acid;2-aminoethylsulfinate;2-aminoethylsulfinic acid;Cystaminesulfinate;Cystaminesulfinic acid;Hypotaurine
PW_C000771
Hypotau
1234
8
79013
111
120926
122
123493
135
9794
Iron
HMDB0015531
Iron is a metallic element found in certain minerals, in nearly all soils, and in mineral waters. Iron is required for life. It exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. It can be found primarily in blood and it is an essential constituent of hemoglobin, cytochrome, and other components of respiratory enzyme systems. Its chief functions are in the transport of oxygen to tissue (hemoglobin) and in cellular oxidation mechanisms. Depletion of iron stores may result in iron-deficiency anemia. Iron is used to build up the blood in anemia. In humans, iron is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include the rofecoxib pathway, magnesium salicylate action pathway, etodolac pathway, and diclofenac pathway. Iron is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (APRT), porphyria variegata (PV), adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, and AICA-ribosiduria. The major activity of supplemental iron is in the prevention and treatment of iron-deficiency anemia. Iron has putative immune-enhancing, anticarcinogenic, and cognition-enhancing activities. Iron can be found in a number of food items such as chinese water chestnut, hyssop, daikon radish, and peppermint, which makes it a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
7439-89-6
C00023
23925
18248
22368
DB01592
[Fe++]
Fe
InChI=1S/Fe/q+2
CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
lambda2-iron(2+) ion
55.845
55.934942133
0
lambda2-iron(2+) ion
2
2
C00023
26fe;Eisen;Fe;Fer;Ferrum;Hierro
PW_C009794
Iron
1138
8
1266
5
1533
2
1635
49
3119
29
4341
18
7330
213
12056
225
77683
130
77928
336
78261
132
78409
111
78428
334
78938
331
120838
122
120992
408
121256
429
121371
124
121502
383
121727
125
123423
135
123557
374
123826
464
123930
118
124060
398
124278
136
125829
297
125932
482
126044
299
127282
205
127391
502
127496
388
1148
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
HMDB0001491
This is the active form of vitamin B6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (pyridoxamine). -- Pubchem; Pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate) is a cofactor of many enzymatic reactions. It is the active form of vitamin B6 which comprises three natural organic compounds, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine. -- Wikipedia.
54-47-7
C00018
1051
18405
PYRIDOXAL_PHOSPHATE
1022
DB00114
CC1=NC=C(COP(O)(O)=O)C(C=O)=C1O
C8H10NO6P
InChI=1S/C8H10NO6P/c1-5-8(11)7(3-10)6(2-9-5)4-15-16(12,13)14/h2-3,11H,4H2,1H3,(H2,12,13,14)
NGVDGCNFYWLIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
[(4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methoxy]phosphonic acid
247.1419
247.024573569
-1.64
3
pyridoxal phosphate
0
-2
FDB021820
Apolon b6;Biosechs;Codecarboxylase;Coenzyme b6;Hairoxal;Hexermin-p;Hi-pyridoxin;Hiadelon;Himitan;Pal-p;Plp;Phosphopyridoxal;Phosphopyridoxal coenzyme;Pidopidon;Piodel;Pydoxal;Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate;Pyridoxal 5-phosphate;Pyridoxal p;Pyridoxal phosphate;Pyridoxal-p;Pyridoxyl phosphate;Pyromijin;Sechvitan;Vitahexin-p;Vitazechs;3-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde;3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde 5-phosphate;Phosphoric acid mono-(4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl) ester;Pyridoxal 5-monophosphoric acid ester;Pyridoxal 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate);Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate;Pyridoxal 5'-phosphoric acid;3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde 5-phosphoric acid;Phosphate mono-(4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl) ester;Pyridoxal 5-monophosphate ester;Pyridoxal 5'-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid);Pyridoxal 5-phosphoric acid;Pyridoxal phosphoric acid;Pyridoxal-5'-phosphoric acid
PW_C001148
Pyr-5'P
18
2
32
4
45
3
51
8
122
1
401
19
696
20
1110
42
1450
50
1458
26
2120
10
2150
49
5325
111
5416
117
5421
103
5441
118
5455
120
5567
132
5581
133
6533
85
7018
160
7167
205
7216
212
7222
213
11858
161
12175
151
12623
31
12628
18
12684
289
12689
290
77017
253
77037
225
77041
293
77052
224
77526
112
77764
341
77973
346
77979
327
78292
345
78855
332
78862
331
80696
135
98630
7
119912
122
120024
124
120029
406
120087
407
120817
418
121149
423
121155
424
122069
123
122076
383
122834
119
123402
454
123721
458
123727
459
124620
447
124627
398
125302
297
125402
299
125407
479
125458
481
125803
489
126224
298
126231
495
126942
388
126947
501
126996
206
127258
506
127786
513
127793
390
1701
Cysteic acid
HMDB0002757
Cysteic acid, also known as cysteate or 3-sulfoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Cysteic acid is soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, cysteic acid is primarily located in the mitochondria. Cysteic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Cysteic acid and oxoglutaric acid can be converted into L-glutamic acid and 3-sulfopyruvic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme aspartate transaminase. In humans, cysteic acid is involved in the taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathway. Cysteic acid is a crystalline amino acid formed in the oxidation of cysteine; it is a precursor of taurine.
13100-82-8
C00506
25701
21260
L-CYSTEATE
23942
NC(CS(O)(=O)=O)C(O)=O
C3H7NO5S
InChI=1S/C3H7NO5S/c4-2(3(5)6)1-10(7,8)9/h2H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8,9)
XVOYSCVBGLVSOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2-amino-3-sulfopropanoic acid
169.156
169.004493029
-0.36
3
cysteic acid
0
-1
FDB023061
2-amino-3-sulfopropanoate;2-amino-3-sulfopropanoic acid;2-amino-3-sulfopropionate;2-amino-3-sulfopropionic acid;3-sulfoalanine;Cepteate;Cepteic acid;Cipteate;Cipteic acid;Cysteate;Cysteinate;Cysteinesulfonate;Cysteinesulfonic acid;Cysteinic acid;Cysterate;Cysteric acid;L-cysteate;L-cysteic acid;Beta-sulfoalanine;Cysteine sulfonic acid;3-sulphoalanine;B-sulfoalanine;B-sulphoalanine;Beta-sulphoalanine;β-sulfoalanine;β-sulphoalanine;Cysteine sulfonate;Cysteine sulphonate;Cysteine sulphonic acid
PW_C001701
CystAc
1237
8
79014
111
120929
122
123495
135
171
Taurine
HMDB0000251
Taurine is a sulfur amino acid like methionine, cystine, cysteine and homocysteine. It is a lesser-known amino acid because it is not incorporated into the structural building blocks of protein. Yet taurine is an essential amino acid in pre-term and newborn infants of humans and many other species. Adults can synthesize their own taurine, yet are probably dependent in part on dietary taurine. Taurine is abundant in the brain, heart, breast, gallbladder and kidney and has important roles in health and disease in these organs. Taurine has many diverse biological functions serving as a neurotransmitter in the brain, a stabilizer of cell membranes and a facilitator in the transport of ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Taurine is highly concentrated in animal and fish protein, which are good sources of dietary taurine. It can be synthesized by the body from cysteine when vitamin B6 is present. Deficiency of taurine occurs in premature infants and neonates fed formula milk, and in various disease states. Inborn errors of taurine metabolism have been described. OMIM 168605, an unusual neuropsychiatric disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion through 3 generations of a family. Symptoms began late in the fifth decade in 6 affected persons and death occurred after 4 to 6 years. The earliest and most prominent symptom was mental depression not responsive to antidepressant drugs or electroconvulsive therapy. Sleep disturbances, exhaustion and marked weight loss were features. Parkinsonism developed later, and respiratory failure occurred terminally. OMIM 145350 describes congestive cardiomyopathy and markedly elevated urinary taurine levels (about 5 times normal). Other family members had late or holosystolic mitral valve prolapse and elevated urinary taurine values (about 2.5 times normal). In 2 with mitral valve prolapse, congestive cardiomyopathy eventually developed while the amounts of urinary taurine doubled. Taurine, after GABA, is the second most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its inhibitory effect is one source of taurine's anticonvulsant and antianxiety properties. It also lowers glutamic acid in the brain, and preliminary clinical trials suggest taurine may be useful in some forms of epilepsy. Taurine in the brain is usually associated with zinc or manganese. The amino acids alanine and glutamic acid, as well as pantothenic acid, inhibit taurine metabolism while vitamins A and B6, zinc and manganese help build taurine. Cysteine and B6 are the nutrients most directly involved in taurine synthesis. Taurine levels have been found to decrease significantly in many depressed patients. One reason that the findings are not entirely clear is because taurine is often elevated in the blood of epileptics who need it. It is often difficult to distinguish compensatory changes in human biochemistry from true metabolic or deficiency disease. Low levels of taurine are found in retinitis pigmentosa. Taurine deficiency in experimental animals produces degeneration of light-sensitive cells. Therapeutic applications of taurine to eye disease are likely to be forthcoming. Taurine has many important metabolic roles. Supplements can stimulate prolactin and insulin release. The parathyroid gland makes a peptide hormone called glutataurine (glutamic acid-taurine), which further demonstrates taurine's role in endocrinology. Taurine increases bilirubin and cholesterol excretion in bile, critical to normal gallbladder function. It seems to inhibit the effect of morphine and potentiates the effects of opiate antagonists. Low plasma taurine levels have been found in a variety of conditions, i.e., depression, hypertension, hypothyroidism, gout, institutionalized patients, infertility, obesity, kidney failure and others. (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/).
107-35-7
C00245
1123
15891
1091
DB01956
NCCS(O)(=O)=O
C2H7NO3S
InChI=1S/C2H7NO3S/c3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h1-3H2,(H,4,5,6)
XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2-aminoethane-1-sulfonic acid
125.147
125.014663785
-0.08
2
taurine
0
0
FDB003191
1-aminoethane-2-sulfonate;1-aminoethane-2-sulfonic acid;2-aminoethanesulfonate;2-aminoethanesulfonic acid;2-aminoethylsulfonate;2-aminoethylsulfonic acid;2-sulfoethylamine;Aminoethylsulfonate;Aminoethylsulfonic acid;Taurine;B-aminoethylsulfonate;B-aminoethylsulfonic acid;Beta-aminoethylsulfonate;Beta-aminoethylsulfonic acid;Aminoethylsulphonate;Aminoethylsulphonic acid;2-aminoethanesulphonate;2-aminoethanesulphonic acid
PW_C000171
Taurine
1238
8
2826
29
2860
31
6349
107
6350
108
7354
188
7356
187
42374
318
42375
315
77642
336
77670
129
79015
111
120930
122
121684
429
121712
414
123496
135
124233
464
124263
450
2088
5-L-Glutamyl-taurine
HMDB0004195
5-L-Glutamyl-taurine, also known as glutaurin or gamma-L-glutamyltaurine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glutamine and derivatives. Glutamine and derivatives are compounds containing glutamine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. 5-L-Glutamyl-taurine is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 5-L-Glutamyl-taurine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 5-L-glutamyl-taurine is involved in the taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathway. 5-L-Glutamyl-taurine is an intermediate in Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. 5-L-Glutamyl-taurine is produced from Taurine via the enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (EC 2.3.2.2).
56488-60-9
C05844
68759
62003
N[C@@H](CCC(=O)NCCS(O)(=O)=O)C(O)=O
C7H14N2O6S
InChI=1S/C7H14N2O6S/c8-5(7(11)12)1-2-6(10)9-3-4-16(13,14)15/h5H,1-4,8H2,(H,9,10)(H,11,12)(H,13,14,15)/t5-/m0/s1
WGXUDTHMEITUBO-YFKPBYRVSA-N
(2S)-2-amino-4-[(2-sulfoethyl)carbamoyl]butanoic acid
254.261
254.05725688
-1.41
4
(2S)-2-amino-4-[(2-sulfoethyl)carbamoyl]butanoic acid
0
-1
FDB023332
5-glutamyl-taurine;Glutaurine;(2s)-2-amino-5-oxo-5-(2-sulfoethylamino)pentanoate;(2s)-2-amino-5-oxo-5-(2-sulphoethylamino)pentanoate;(2s)-2-amino-5-oxo-5-(2-sulphoethylamino)pentanoic acid
PW_C002088
Glutau
1239
8
79016
111
120931
122
123497
135
18
A (5-L-glutamyl)-peptide
ProteinComplex
PW_EC000018
15857
ChEBI
A5LGP
19
Peptide
ProteinComplex
PW_EC000019
16670
ChEBI
Peptide
15484
Cysteine dioxygenase type 1
Q3SZU4
CDO1
5
1.13.11.20
120571
122
15859
2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase
G3MZK0
ADO
5
120927
122
15864
Acidic amino acid decarboxylase GADL1
A6QM00
May catalyze the decarboxylation of aspartate, cysteine sulfinic acid, and cysteic acid to beta-alanine, hypotaurine and taurine, respectively. Does not exhibit any decarboxylation activity toward glutamate (By similarity).
GADL1
5
4.1.1.11; 4.1.1.29
120928
122
14958
Glutamate decarboxylase 1
Q0VCA1
Catalyzes the production of GABA.
GAD1
5
4.1.1.15
120090
122
15033
Glutathione hydrolase 6
A7YWM1
Cleaves glutathione conjugates.
GGT6
5
3.4.19.13; 2.3.2.2
120115
124
120124
405
120932
122
8270
Cysteine dioxygenase type 1
5
PW_P008270
16486
15484
1
8356
2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase
5
PW_P008356
16572
15859
1
8357
Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase
5
PW_P008357
16573
15864
2
8162
Glutamate decarboxylase 1
5
PW_P008162
16376
14958
2
8168
Gamma-glutamyltransferase 6
5
PW_P008168
16382
15033
2
145939
false
PW_R145939
Right
543629
448
1
Compound
false
543630
1065
1
Compound
true
543631
789
1
Compound
false
136052
8270
1.13.11.20
853
true
PW_R000853
Right
3457
448
1
Compound
false
3458
1750
1
Compound
false
3459
1316
1
Compound
true
146084
false
PW_R146084
Right
544229
1750
1
Compound
false
544230
1065
1
Compound
true
544231
771
1
Compound
false
136209
8356
1.13.11.19
146085
false
PW_R146085
Right
544232
789
1
Compound
false
544233
771
1
Compound
false
544234
1316
1
Compound
true
136210
8357
4.1.1.29
136211
8162
4.1.1.15
855
true
PW_R000855
Right
3463
789
1
Compound
false
3464
1701
1
Compound
false
146086
false
PW_R146086
Right
544235
1701
1
Compound
false
544236
171
1
Compound
false
544237
1316
1
Compound
true
136212
8357
4.1.1.29
136213
8162
4.1.1.15
146087
false
PW_R146087
Right
544238
171
1
Compound
false
544239
18
1
ElementCollection
false
544240
2088
1
Compound
false
544241
19
1
ElementCollection
false
136214
8168
2654831
448
122
81
false
355
245
10
regular
200
190
2654832
1065
122
65
false
306
446
10
regular
78
78
2654833
789
122
81
false
352
750
10
regular
200
190
2654834
544
122
9
false
465
570
10
regular
100
25
2654835
1750
122
81
false
935
243
10
regular
200
190
2654836
1316
122
52
false
776
174
10
regular
78
78
2654837
1065
122
65
false
1118
454
10
regular
78
78
2654838
771
122
81
false
934
748
10
regular
200
190
2654839
9794
122
9
false
922
553
10
regular
100
25
2654840
1316
122
52
false
825
626
10
regular
78
78
2654841
1148
122
9
false
690
800
10
regular
100
35
2654842
1316
122
52
false
825
991
10
regular
78
78
2654843
1148
122
9
false
690
950
10
regular
100
35
2654844
1701
122
81
false
352
1225
10
regular
200
190
2654845
171
122
81
false
937
1223
10
regular
200
190
2654846
1316
122
52
false
823
1094
10
regular
78
78
2654847
1148
122
9
false
692
1270
10
regular
100
35
2654848
1316
122
52
false
818
1471
10
regular
78
78
2654849
1148
122
9
false
689
1425
10
regular
100
35
2654850
2088
122
81
false
1442
1223
10
regular
200
190
13449
18
37
122
true
1652
1313
12
regular
100
90
13450
19
37
122
true
1982
1323
12
regular
100
90
924408
15484
122
2
false
380
580
8
subunit
regular
150
70
924409
15859
122
2
false
957
563
8
subunit
regular
150
70
924410
15864
122
6
false
650
730
8
subunit
regular
160
80
924411
14958
122
6
false
650
880
8
subunit
regular
160
80
924412
15864
122
6
false
652
1200
8
subunit
regular
160
80
924413
14958
122
6
false
649
1355
8
subunit
regular
160
80
924414
15033
122
8
false
1222
1278
8
subunit
regular
140
85
792105
8270
87989
122
920893
924408
31883
2654834
3614809
Cofactor
792106
8356
87989
122
920894
924409
31884
2654839
3614816
Cofactor
792107
8357
87989
122
920895
924410
31885
2654841
3614820
Cofactor
792108
8162
87989
122
920896
924411
31886
2654843
3614824
Cofactor
792109
8357
87989
122
920897
924412
31887
2654847
3614830
Cofactor
792110
8162
87989
122
920898
924413
31888
2654849
3614834
Cofactor
792111
8168
87989
122
920899
924414
3614806
M455 435 C455 465 455 550 455 580
5
false
18
3614807
M384 485 C420 485 455 550 455 580
5
false
18
3614808
M452 750 C452 720 455 680 455 650
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3614809
M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z
10
true
18
3614810
M555 340 C585 340 644 340 707 340
5
false
18
3614811
M935 338 C905 338 756 340 706 340
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3614812
M815 252 C815 283 757 340 706 340
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3614813
M1035 433 C1035 463 1032 533 1032 563
5
false
18
3614814
M1118 493 C1087 493 1032 533 1032 563
5
false
18
3614815
M1034 748 C1034 718 1032 663 1032 633
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3614816
M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z
10
true
18
3614817
M552 770 C582 770 620 770 650 770
5
false
18
3614818
M933 770 C903 770 842 770 812 770
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3614819
M864 704 C864 738 842 770 812 770
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3614820
M1315.5 1225 L1315.5 1275 L1365.5 1225 z
10
true
18
3614821
M552 920 C582 920 620 920 650 920
5
false
18
3614822
M933 920 C903 920 842 920 812 920
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3614823
M864 991 C864 961 842 920 812 920
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3614824
M1315.5 1225 L1315.5 1275 L1365.5 1225 z
10
true
18
3614825
M452 940 C452 970 452 1194 452 1225
5
false
18
true
M 944.5 1257.0096189432334 L 952 1270 L 959.5 1257.0096189432334
false
3614826
M452 1225 C452 1195 928 1178 952 1195
5
true
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3614827
M552 1240 C582 1240 622 1240 652 1240
5
false
18
3614828
M935 1240 C905 1240 844 1240 814 1240
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3614829
M862 1172 C862 1199 844 1240 814 1240
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3614830
M1227 1665 L1227 1715 L1277 1665 z
10
true
18
3614831
M553 1395 C583 1395 619 1395 649 1395
5
false
18
3614832
M934 1395 C904 1395 841 1395 811 1395
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3614833
M857 1471 C857 1441 841 1395 811 1395
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3614834
M1314.5 1665 L1314.5 1715 L1364.5 1665 z
10
true
18
3614835
M1137 1318 C1167 1318 1192 1318 1222 1318
5
false
18
3614836
M1442 1318 C1412 1318 1392 1318 1362 1318
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3614837
M1702 1423 C1702 1456 1192 1318 1222 1318
5
true
18
3614838
M2032 1423 C2032 1458 1392 1318 1362 1318
5
true
18
3614839
M1037 1413 C1037 1443 1037 1493 1037 1523
5
false
18
true
M 1029.5 1510.0096189432334 L 1037 1523 L 1044.5 1510.0096189432334
false
3614840
M354 270 C324 270 280 270 250 270
5
false
18
true
M 341.0096189432334 277.5 L 354 270 L 341.0096189432334 262.5
false
3614841
M355 400 C325 400 280 400 250 400
5
false
18
true
M 342.0096189432334 407.5 L 355 400 L 342.0096189432334 392.5
false
790088
87989
145939
122
3198401
2654831
3614806
Left
3198402
2654832
3614807
Left
3198403
2654833
3614808
Right
746681
136052
792105
790089
87989
853
122
3198404
2654831
3614810
Left
3198405
2654835
3614811
Right
3198406
2654836
3614812
Right
790090
87989
146084
122
3198407
2654835
3614813
Left
3198408
2654837
3614814
Left
3198409
2654838
3614815
Right
746682
136209
792106
790091
87989
146085
122
3198410
2654833
3614817
Left
3198411
2654838
3614818
Right
3198412
2654840
3614819
Right
746683
136210
792107
790092
87989
146085
122
3198413
2654833
3614821
Left
3198414
2654838
3614822
Right
3198415
2654842
3614823
Right
746684
136211
792108
790093
87989
855
122
3198416
2654833
3614825
Left
3198417
2654844
3614826
Right
790094
87989
146086
122
3198418
2654844
3614827
Left
3198419
2654845
3614828
Right
3198420
2654846
3614829
Right
746685
136212
792109
790095
87989
146086
122
3198421
2654844
3614831
Left
3198422
2654845
3614832
Right
3198423
2654848
3614833
Right
746686
136213
792110
790096
87989
146087
122
3198424
2654845
3614835
Left
3198425
2654850
3614836
Right
12915
13449
3614837
Left
12916
13450
3614838
Right
746687
136214
792111
107796
108208
87989
14
false
962
1523
16
regular
104591
2654845
3614839
Left
107797
108206
87989
14
false
100
235
16
regular
104592
2654831
3614840
Right
107798
108207
87989
14
false
100
365
16
regular
104593
2654831
3614841
Right
368242
M62 204 C62 154 112 104 162 104 C609 104 1191 104 1638 104 C1688 104 1738 154 1738 204 C1738 612 1738 1144 1738 1552 C1738 1602 1688 1652 1638 1652 C1191 1652 609 1652 162 1652 C112 1652 62 1602 62 1552 C62 1144 62 612 62 204
1
true
6
1676.0
1548.0
446650
15
Extracellular Space
1285
0
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
446651
15
Intracellular Space
1290
160
20
1.0
1.0
160
15