108929PathwayDopamine Activation of Neurological Reward SystemIn the nervous system, dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter with roles in motor control, motivation, arousal, cognition, and reward. The mesolimbic pathway is the main pathway associated with reward, and the dopaminergic neurons of this pathway are found in the substantia nigra (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain. Dopamine acts on different G protein-coupled receptor subtyes. The D1-class (D1 and D5) receptors stimulate cAMP production by activating adenylyl cyclase, which activates the reward pathway. The D2-class (D2, D3, and D4) subtypes act oppositely, inhibiting cAMP production by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase. The differing distributions of the receptor subtypes mean that complex outputs often produce a synergistic effect, despite the receptor subtypes having opposite molecular effects (PMID: 20925949, 21303898).SignalingPW109035CenterPathwayVisualizationContext10931016593358#000099PathwayVisualization108791108929Dopamine Activation of Neurological Reward SystemIn the nervous system, dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter with roles in motor control, motivation, arousal, cognition, and reward. The mesolimbic pathway is the main pathway associated with reward, and the dopaminergic neurons of this pathway are found in the substantia nigra (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain. Dopamine acts on different G protein-coupled receptor subtyes. The D1-class (D1 and D5) receptors stimulate cAMP production by activating adenylyl cyclase, which activates the reward pathway. The D2-class (D2, D3, and D4) subtypes act oppositely, inhibiting cAMP production by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase. The differing distributions of the receptor subtypes mean that complex outputs often produce a synergistic effect, despite the receptor subtypes having opposite molecular effects (PMID: 20925949, 21303898).Signaling5109113Reward SystemSubPathway10832510489ProteinComplex1242Platelet CL:00002331CellCL:00000003NeuronCL:00005404Cardiomyocyte CL:00007465HepatocyteCL:00001828Beta cellCL:00006397Epithelial CellCL:00000661Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia410Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote51Picea sitchensis3332EukaryoteSitka spruce1CytosolGO:00058295CytoplasmGO:000573710Cell MembraneGO:00058863Mitochondrial MatrixGO:00057594PeroxisomeGO:000577713Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578314Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:00057412MitochondrionGO:00057397Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578925Golgi apparatusGO:000579427Peroxisome MembraneGO:000577815NucleusGO:000563426Golgi apparatus membraneGO:000013935ChloroplastGO:000950711Extracellular SpaceGO:000561512Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574331Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562032Inner MembraneGO:00702582Endothelium BTO:00003937Nervous SystemBTO:00014845cardiocyteBTO:00015391LiverBTO:00007597298Blood VesselBTO:0001102741118PancreasBTO:000098825IntestineBTO:00006483Sympathetic Nervous SystemBTO:00018324Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971824BrainBTO:0000142891616212PW_BS0000162111PW_BS000002397113PW_BS000039215114PW_BS0000218511PW_BS00000814101PW_BS0000141985181PW_BS0000241115121PW_BS000111184121PW_BS000024122551PW_BS0001221355171PW_BS0001354311PW_BS000004261115PW_BS0000265411PW_BS000005181311PW_BS000018221411PW_BS0000223211PW_BS00000346114PW_BS00004649711PW_BS000049432511PW_BS000043101711PW_BS000010592711PW_BS000059231511PW_BS00002329111PW_BS000029711PW_BS000007311511PW_BS000031918511PW_BS000091541315PW_BS000054562611PW_BS0000561041431PW_BS0001041122121PW_BS000112103331PW_BS0001031471241PW_BS000147151141PW_BS0001511553241PW_BS0001551613181PW_BS00016116611PW_BS0001661783211PW_BS0001781644PW_BS0001641601181PW_BS00016019914181PW_BS000024205561PW_BS000024206261PW_BS0000242137181PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS00002421425181PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS000024222341PW_BS0000241321121PW_BS00013221013181PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000242881441PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242905491PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS0000241333121PW_BS00013332914121PW_BS0000283361121PW_BS0000283344121PW_BS00002833527121PW_BS0000281151012PW_BS0001153317121PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS00002813013121PW_BS0001303683601PW_BS000028372102PW_BS0000281181171PW_BS00011815111PW_BS000015253541PW_BS0000245181PW_BS000051383751PW_BS00010027151PW_BS0000272231241PW_BS000024390761PW_BS0001123987171PW_BS000113406351PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS000100407251PW_BS000115408451PW_BS000115124151PW_BS000124429151PW_BS0001154192551PW_BS0001151251351PW_BS000125405105PW_BS0001154222751PW_BS0001151203171PW_BS00012039914171PW_BS0001131192171PW_BS0001193744171PW_BS0000534641171PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS0001363761017PW_BS00005337527171PW_BS0000532975101PW_BS00002448414101PW_BS0001154793101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS0001154824101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS0000244957101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS00011549127101PW_BS00011530013101PW_BS0000243891461PW_BS000112501361PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115388161PW_BS0001125072561PW_BS000115209106PW_BS0000245082761PW_BS0001153951361PW_BS00011313121PW_BS0000133211515PW_BS0000325811411PW_BS0000586618518PW_BS00006672513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS000061892PW_BS000089971521PW_BS000097100521PW_BS000100101531PW_BS000101117131PW_BS00011712915121PW_BS00012910813PW_BS00010814315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146107313PW_BS000107188118PW_BS0000242171518PW_BS00002421815181PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS0001631901118PW_BS0000242771218PW_BS00002417018PW_BS0001702811251PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS00002413412121PW_BS0001343331212PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS000028350114121PW_BS00002812815121PW_BS0001283511512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002811PW_BS000001943PW_BS000094109323PW_BS000109412125PW_BS0001151231751PW_BS00012343311451PW_BS0001154101551PW_BS000115435155PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS00011544717171PW_BS000115468114171PW_BS00011544415171PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS0001154701517PW_BS00011548515101PW_BS0001154991510PW_BS0001155161561PW_BS000115517156PW_BS00011530635511PW_BS000024171211PW_BS0000173841251PW_BS0001003911261PW_BS00011212112171PW_BS000121193513PW_BS000019204111PW_BS0000202441011PW_BS0000247413PW_BS000074711113PW_BS00007129341PW_BS00002434141121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS00002898112PW_BS00009843441051PW_BS000115469410171PW_BS00011551541061PW_BS000115731013PW_BS00007385241011PW_BS0000855481053PW_BS000174558241051PW_BS0001913851051PW_BS0001001825PW_BS000024409115PW_BS00011541cAMPHMDB0000058cAMP or cyclic AMP is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase.60-92-4C00575607617489CAMP5851DB02527NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@@H]2COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2[C@H]1OC10H12N5O6PInChI=1S/C10H12N5O6P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(16)7-4(20-10)1-19-22(17,18)21-7/h2-4,6-7,10,16H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUSA-N(4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-hexahydro-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one329.2059329.052519653-1.963(4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-tetrahydro-4H-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one0-1FDB001497Cyclic AMP;3'5'-cyclic amp;6-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro-4h-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2,7-diol 2-oxide;Acrasin;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate;Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphorate;Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid;Adenosine cyclic monophosphate;Adenosine cyclic-monophosphate;Adenosine-cyclic-phosphate;Adenosine-cyclic-phosphoric-acid;Cyclic 3',5'-amp;Cyclic 3',5'-adenylate;Cyclic 3',5'-adenylic acid;Cyclic amp;Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-phosphate;Camp;Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate;Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate;Cyclic adenylic acid;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphoric acid;Adenosine 3',5'-phosphoric acid;Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphoric acid;Cyclic adenylatePW_C000041cAMP2671647529353910002119168417414118301987870911180044184121904122124457135423MagnesiumHMDB0000547Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.22537-22-0C003058881842013-HYDROXY-MAGNESIUM-PROTOPORP865DB01378[Mg++]MgInChI=1S/Mg/q+2JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-Nmagnesium(2+) ion24.30523.9850418980magnesium(2+) ion22FDB003518Magnesium;Magnesium ions;Magnesium ion;Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion;Magnesium, ion (mg(2+));Mg(2+);Mg2+PW_C000423Mg2+86822742681647627272681158191888322936399833992211167461483491529431764142124102411592942233126293373745403147749148695449745652531045329111535611253761035906147593415160381556094161625016664841786594164688116069791997170205719420672272137233211725021473102167313198747322211763132118432101231222512324249125132881258122612729290152752851533730877137133772363297793733678393334784173357848911578522331785363567857413080020368800451848004837280623118806541358086515809652538184151938323839490027108596223110559390115687398119974406120070122120247382120702407120981408121181124121265429121319419121924125122086405122408422122759120122921399123307119123546374123835464123889455124477136124637376124978375125447297125598484125669479125777481125921482125947299125973495126000490126243478126553491126753300127125389127164501127380502127407388127451507127804209128125508128347395414Adenosine triphosphateHMDB0000538Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).56-65-5C00002595715422ATP5742DB00171NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid507.181506.995745159-2.057adenosine triphosphate0-3FDB0218135'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acidPW_C000414ATP92214608266164142247813733327995934399763210518211210214649215614216058240559243427272646281229302966316372361661361751439923447431476891486454503289503526515575205975215100525010452911015313111534611253901035406117543011854431205542129555613255691335603135562110858461435854146587610758971475924151604815561091616230166649317868391886870160697619971572057184206720921072252137229211729819873022167390217740821874321637481222749919081862251184727711903170120102811203916412178285125782261269129013264223153273084232631542621322426943187702825377218134772333297746833377632336780373327804135078168128782143517824035378411335784941157885013078865331789193348002836880046184806741198562919482612411323494113282388116280109119914122119992406120154407120245382120362412121246429121392123121397433121471408121974410122065125122079383122083405122402422122444435122919399123009446123816464123951447123956468124029374124527444124616136124630398124634376124943472124972375125011470125304297125371479125392299125515481125595484126123485126220300126234495126240478126547491126596499126913501127123389127731516127781395127796390127801209128119508128167517170PyrophosphateHMDB0000250The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout.14000-31-8C0001364410218361PPI559142DB04160[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=OO7P2InChI=1S/H4O7P2/c1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)/p-4XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J(phosphonooxy)phosphonic acid173.9433173.9119253784pyrophosphoric acid0-3FDB021918(4-)diphosphoric acid ion;(p2o74-)diphosphate;Diphosphate;Diphosphoric acid;Ppi;Pyrometaphosphate;Pyrophosphate;Pyrophosphate tetraanion;Pyrophosphate(4-) ion;[o3popo3](4-);Diphosphat;P2o7(4-);Pyrophosphat;Pyrophosphate ion;Phosphonato phosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid ionPW_C000170Ppi12235463842923735328822212173162049241059281529417514486854503489525210452941015409117542410354331185458120554811155591325584133560613556551085879107623916669781997073188713416372721607312198731821382751518283210118691611200222212041164123152251232324912512288125792261269529015219306153751834760174256131542697318772353297731712877635336784163357892833179153112799501347995813080047372804171708563019478638494814125948193829867822311063439111327039511327538911552713611553239911993412212001712412003240612033041012093640712126142912134112112148638312240742212298544412350211912383146412404439812497737512532429712539529912541047912559748412565648512587648112655249112686920512693538812695050112733720612812450852DopamineHMDB0000073Dopamine is a member of the catecholamine family of neurotransmitters in the brain and is a precursor to epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Dopamine is synthesized in the body (mainly by nervous tissue and adrenal glands) first by the hydration of the amino acid tyrosine to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase and then by the decarboxylation of DOPA by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (dopamine receptors) mediates its action, which plays a major role in reward-motivated behaviour. Dopamine has many other functions outside the brain. In blood vessels, dopamine inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator (at normal concentrations); in the kidneys, it increases sodium excretion and urine output; in the pancreas, it reduces insulin production; in the digestive system, it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa; and in the immune system, it reduces the activity of lymphocytes. Parkinson's disease, a degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment, is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in an area of the midbrain called the substantia nigra. There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels of dopamine activity, and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists, which reduce dopamine activity. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, and addiction are also characterized by defects in dopamine production or metabolism. It has been suggested that animals derived their dopamine-synthesizing machinery from bacteria via horizontal gene transfer that may have occurred relatively late in evolutionary time. This is perhaps a result of the symbiotic incorporation of bacteria into eukaryotic cells that gave rise to mitochondria. Dopamine is elevated in the urine of people who consume bananas. When present in sufficiently high levels, dopamine can be a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural tissue. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of dopamine are associated with neuroblastoma, Costello syndrome, leukemia, phaeochromocytoma, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, and Menkes disease (MNK). High levels of dopamine can lead to hyperactivity, insomnia, agitation and anxiety, depression, delusions, excessive salivation, nausea, and digestive problems.51-61-6C0375868118243DOPAMINE661DB00988NCCC1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1C8H11NO2InChI=1S/C8H11NO2/c9-4-3-6-1-2-7(10)8(11)5-6/h1-2,5,10-11H,3-4,9H2VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol153.1784153.078978601-1.313dopamine01FDB0121632-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine;3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine;3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine;3-hydroxytyramine;4-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol;4-(2-aminoethyl)-pyrocatechol;4-(2-aminoethyl)catechol;4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol;Deoxyepinephrine;Dopamin;Dopamine;Dopaminum;Dopastat;Dophamine;Dynatra;Hydroxytyramin;Hydroxytyramine;Intropin;Oxytyramine;Revivan;A-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-b-aminoethane;Alpha-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-beta-aminoethane;4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol;DopaminaPW_C000052LDP40019694202017242080231877431887141611577043293777623417911236079138132800509880051184121606434121637124124164469124195118127575515127611388936Guanosine diphosphateHMDB0001201Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GDP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine. GDP is the product of GTP dephosphorylation by GTPases, e.g. the G-proteins that are involved in signal transduction.146-91-8C00035897717552GDP-4-DEHYDRO-6-DEOXY-D-MANNOSE8630NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1C10H15N5O11P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O11P2/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(25-9)1-24-28(22,23)26-27(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1QGWNDRXFNXRZMB-UUOKFMHZSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid443.2005443.024329371-2.007{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxyphosphonic acid0-3FDB0224875'-gdp;Gdp;Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate);Guanosine 5'-diphosphate;Guanosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Guanosine mono(trihydrogen diphosphate);Guanosine pyrophosphate;Guanosine-5'-diphosphate;Guanosine-diphosphate;Ppg;Guanosine diphosphate;Guanosine 5'-diphosphoric acidPW_C000936GDP83823841762142391241547350078553821036041155610116164881787476222117541151177121111823198127272901339515169322177142133775461117795213280023368800803088012216489115253119983406120068122121205124121847405122766120122820135123775118124400376125363479125445297126905501126984205986Guanosine triphosphateHMDB0001273Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is a guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. GTP functions as a carrier of phosphates and pyrophosphates involved in channeling chemical energy into specific biosynthetic pathways. GTP activates the signal transducing G proteins which are involved in various cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and activation of several intracellular kinase cascades. Proliferation and apoptosis are regulated in part by the hydrolysis of GTP by small GTPases Ras and Rho. Another type of small GTPase, Rab, plays a role in the docking and fusion of vesicles and may also be involved in vesicle formation. In addition to its role in signal transduction, GTP also serves as an energy-rich precursor of mononucleotide units in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.86-01-1C00044683015996GTP6569NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1C10H16N5O14P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O14P3/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(27-9)1-26-31(22,23)29-32(24,25)28-30(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H,24,25)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1XKMLYUALXHKNFT-UUOKFMHZSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid523.1804522.990659781-1.708triphosphate, guanosine0-3FDB0225275'-gtp;Gtg;Gtp;Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate);Guanosine 5'-triphosphate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphorate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Guanosine triphosphate;Guanosine mono(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) (ester);H4gtp;Guanosine-5'-triphosphatePW_C000986GTP8182404193924091144153735006855384103604315561031616490178747822211753115117691981198115112725290693271769622257714413377544111779511328002536880088308801211648911325311998540612006612212120412412276812012281813512377411812536547912544329712648029912690750112698220512805138819358cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit betaP24256
Mediates cAMP-dependent signaling triggered by receptor binding to GPCRs. PKA activation regulates diverse cellular processes such as cell proliferation, the cell cycle, and differentiation and regulation of microtubule dynamics, chromatin condensation and decondensation, nuclear envelope disassembly and reassembly, as well as regulation of intracellular transport mechanisms and ion flux. Regulates the abundance of compartmentalized pools of its regulatory subunits through phosphorylation of PJA2 which binds and ubiquitinates these subunits, leading to their subsequent proteolysis. Phosphorylates GPKOW which regulates its ability to bind RNA.
PRKACB52.7.11.1113182412413265012213292141013296040519355Adenylate cyclase type 7O02856
This is a membrane-bound, calcium-inhibitable adenylyl cyclase.
ADCY754.6.1.113182540513183112419341Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms shortQ3SZE7
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers in numerous signaling pathways controlled by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Signaling involves the activation of adenylyl cyclases, resulting in increased levels of the signaling molecule cAMP (PubMed:2022671, PubMed:9395396, PubMed:11087399, PubMed:15591060, PubMed:16766715, PubMed:19243146). GNAS functions downstream of several GPCRs, including beta-adrenergic receptors. Stimulates the Ras signaling pathway via RAPGEF2 (By similarity).
GNAS513182640513182812413263312213292554813293055813300638519363D(1A) dopamine receptorQ8WND7
Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
DRD1513293140513293255819350Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1Q3MHF1
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
GNB1513183012413183940513185438513185818213263512213292454813292955819345Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12A5PJE1
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
GNG1251318274051318291241329235481329285587764UnknownUnknown53.1.1.1, 3.1.1.565473123548612512013512212034940612052512412123812612124142912240038412250740513183241013187743513224740713225052613225342113258740913259018213259241613259454213259954513260042713260154613260254813300038513357543813359138313514243010489cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta5PW_P010489189151935818602Adenylate cyclase type 25PW_P00860216822776418603Guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha5PW_P008603168237764110490D(1A) dopamine receptor5PW_P01049018916193631173882falsePW_R173882Right655316411Compoundfalse655317411Compoundfalse655318104891ProteinComplexfalse164170104892.7.11.11146546falsePW_R146546Right5461444141Compoundfalse546145411Compoundfalse5461461701Compoundtrue13670386024.6.1.113670486039381PW_T0093819652521Compound409124Right1151104902018-08-21T17:20:27-06:002018-08-21T17:20:27-06:0040526698234112481false260568010regular20019026698244112481false2895121010regular20019026698254231249false2400117010regular1002526698264231249false2760105510regular10025266982741412481false201068010regular20019026698281704053false248068010regular10010026698294234059false234250010regular100252669830524093false51522010regular1001002669831521243true10010010regular1001002669832524093false98042510regular1001002669833521243true10010010regular100100266983493653false41560010regular5030266983598654false90076010regular5030266983693653false90064510regular5030266983798654false166074010regular5030266983893653false128077510regular5030266983998654false218552510regular5030933109193581242false244011858subunitregular15070933110193581242false263010308subunitregular15070933111193554052false23125158subunitregular150709331121934140597false22025258subunitregular150709331131936380false4604758subunitregular2001309331141936380false9555058subunitregular200130933115193552false18605158subunitregular150709331161935098false5655958subunitregular150709331171934140597false4355958subunitregular15070933118193454052false5056558subunitregular150709331191934140597false9206208subunitregular150709331201935098false10506208subunitregular15070933121193454052false10056708subunitregular150709331221936380false12504958subunitregular2001309331231935098false3259808subunitregular15070933124193454052false3259258subunitregular150709331251934140597false16757458subunitregular15070796884104891087911249294779331093415226698253637693Cofactor796885104891087911249294789331103415326698263637695Cofactor79688686021087914059294799331113415426698293637699Cofactor796887860310879140592948093311279688810490108791929481933113796889104901087919294829331143637691M2705 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720.0644009829867 408.6115180941069 L 735 410 L 728.7346610946918 396.37115087758207false3637703M111 112 C134 128 174 155 198 172 5true183637704M2515 1255 C2516 1278 2442 1358 2442 1390 83false18trueM 1920.3427211552848 1261.5582501740396 L 1927 1275 L 1935.3122573982391 1262.5137524874197false3637705M1825 780 C1890 743 1964 697 2046 614 C2104 545 2105 488 2277 525 83false18trueM 1670.0004720509992 410.119001290498 L 1685 410 L 1677.3971778848452 397.0695283966395falsefalsefalse3637706M2277 525 C2066 422 1935 486 1935 515 83false18trueM 1770.018399017441 415.74271932746143 L 1785 415 L 1776.8659857032571 402.39691262347264false3637707M925 675 C940 708 946 724 925 760 5false18trueM 839.9468550441649 556.261556296296 L 825 555 L 831.3808877211858 568.5751343230784false3637708M1080 670 C1307 682 1058 1039 475 1015 5false18trueM 1562.3134879461163 688.0032750737846 L 1575 680 L 1561.725704445686 673.0147958128115false3637709M1080 670 C1136 680 1572 790 1675 780 5false18trueM 1560.0644009829866 678.6115180941069 L 1575 680 L 1568.7346610946918 666.3711508775821false3637710M1155 575 C1178 599 1246 611 1290 565 5false18trueM 1176.4405683624252 479.57156293667333 L 1180 465 L 1165.6009405052098 469.20322324716284false3637711M1080 670 C1234 699 1281 758 1305 775 5false18trueM 1150.0644009829866 663.6115180941069 L 1165 665 L 1158.7346610946918 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C345 1192 345 886 345 650 1true62881.0978.044805715Regulatory Subunit27951175201.01.01601544805815Regulatory Subunit24901000201.01.01601544805915Activation23751275201.01.01601544806015Activation2040465201.01.01601544806115Activation480365201.01.01601544806215Activation2640915201.01.01601544806315Intracellular Space415820201.01.01601544806415Extracellular Space105825201.01.0160151800281825230281405325815594429771154