109096
Pathway
Ion Channels and Their Functional Role in Vascular Endothelium
In endothelial cell, ion channels such as agonist-activated nonselective Ca(2+)-permeable cation channels, cyclic nucleotide-activated nonselective cation channels, and store-operated Ca(2+) channels or capacitative Ca(2+) entry are controlled by intracellular Ca(2+) signals. Some of the channels are expressed by trp gene family. Ca(2+) entry is also controlled by large-conductance Ca(2+)-dependent BK(Ca) channels (slo), inwardly rectifying K(+) channels, Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel and volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC). VRAC channels can also transport organic osmolytes and amino acid.
Protein
PW109202
Center
PathwayVisualizationContext109478
1288
1935
#000099
PathwayVisualization108959
109096
Ion Channels and Their Functional Role in Vascular Endothelium
In endothelial cell, ion channels such as agonist-activated nonselective Ca(2+)-permeable cation channels, cyclic nucleotide-activated nonselective cation channels, and store-operated Ca(2+) channels or capacitative Ca(2+) entry are controlled by intracellular Ca(2+) signals. Some of the channels are expressed by trp gene family. Ca(2+) entry is also controlled by large-conductance Ca(2+)-dependent BK(Ca) channels (slo), inwardly rectifying K(+) channels, Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel and volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC). VRAC channels can also transport organic osmolytes and amino acid.
Protein
12
1
Cell
CL:0000000
2
Platelet
CL:0000233
5
Hepatocyte
CL:0000182
3
Neuron
CL:0000540
4
Cardiomyocyte
CL:0000746
8
Beta cell
CL:0000639
7
Epithelial Cell
CL:0000066
1
Homo sapiens
9606
Eukaryote
Human
2
Bacteria
2
Prokaryote
Bacteria
3
Escherichia coli
562
Prokaryote
12
Mus musculus
10090
Eukaryote
Mouse
17
Rattus norvegicus
10116
Eukaryote
Rat
19
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
4896
Eukaryote
24
Solanum lycopersicum
4081
Eukaryote
Tomato
4
Arabidopsis thaliana
3702
Eukaryote
Thale cress
18
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
4932
Eukaryote
Yeast
21
Xenopus laevis
8355
Eukaryote
African clawed frog
6
Caenorhabditis elegans
6239
Eukaryote
Roundworm
25
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
83333
Prokaryote
49
Bathymodiolus platifrons
220390
Eukaryote
Deep sea mussel
23
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
287
Prokaryote
60
Nitzschia sp.
0001
Eukaryote
Nitzschia4
5
Bos taurus
9913
Eukaryote
Cattle
10
Drosophila melanogaster
7227
Eukaryote
Fruit fly
51
Picea sitchensis
3332
Eukaryote
Sitka spruce
1
Cytosol
GO:0005829
3
Mitochondrial Matrix
GO:0005759
5
Cytoplasm
GO:0005737
14
Mitochondrial Outer Membrane
GO:0005741
2
Mitochondrion
GO:0005739
15
Nucleus
GO:0005634
4
Peroxisome
GO:0005777
13
Endoplasmic Reticulum
GO:0005783
7
Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane
GO:0005789
10
Cell Membrane
GO:0005886
27
Peroxisome Membrane
GO:0005778
31
Periplasmic Space
GO:0005620
11
Extracellular Space
GO:0005615
35
Chloroplast
GO:0009507
12
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
GO:0005743
32
Inner Membrane
GO:0070258
25
Golgi apparatus
GO:0005794
26
Golgi apparatus membrane
GO:0000139
20
Endoplasmic Reticulum Lumen
GO:0005788
6
Lysosome
GO:0005764
8
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
GO:0005790
16
Lysosomal Lumen
GO:0043202
24
Mitochondrial Intermembrane Space
GO:0005758
34
Plant-Type Vacuole
GO:0000325
39
Mitochondrial membrane
GO:0031966
19
sarcoplasmic reticulum
GO:0016529
36
Membrane
GO:0016020
2
Endothelium
BTO:0000393
1
Liver
BTO:0000759
72
9
7
Nervous System
BTO:0001484
18
Pancreas
BTO:0000988
25
Intestine
BTO:0000648
8
Blood Vessel
BTO:0001102
74
11
5
cardiocyte
BTO:0001539
24
Brain
BTO:0000142
89
16
2
1
1
1
PW_BS000002
4
3
1
1
PW_BS000004
8
5
1
1
PW_BS000008
16
2
1
2
PW_BS000016
22
14
1
1
PW_BS000022
13
1
2
1
PW_BS000013
32
1
15
1
5
PW_BS000032
5
4
1
1
PW_BS000005
39
7
1
1
3
PW_BS000039
3
2
1
1
PW_BS000003
18
13
1
1
PW_BS000018
10
1
7
1
1
PW_BS000010
49
7
1
1
PW_BS000049
14
10
1
PW_BS000014
58
1
14
1
1
PW_BS000058
59
27
1
1
PW_BS000059
27
15
1
PW_BS000027
46
1
1
4
PW_BS000046
29
1
1
1
PW_BS000029
66
18
5
1
8
PW_BS000066
72
5
1
3
PW_BS000072
61
25
1
7
PW_BS000061
51
8
1
PW_BS000051
23
15
1
1
PW_BS000023
31
1
5
1
1
PW_BS000031
91
8
5
1
1
PW_BS000091
54
1
3
1
5
PW_BS000054
89
2
PW_BS000089
26
1
1
1
5
PW_BS000026
7
1
1
PW_BS000007
97
1
5
2
1
PW_BS000097
100
5
2
1
PW_BS000100
104
14
3
1
PW_BS000104
101
5
3
1
PW_BS000101
111
5
12
1
PW_BS000111
112
2
12
1
PW_BS000112
103
3
3
1
PW_BS000103
117
1
3
1
PW_BS000117
118
1
17
1
PW_BS000118
120
3
17
1
PW_BS000120
129
1
5
12
1
PW_BS000129
132
1
12
1
PW_BS000132
133
3
12
1
PW_BS000133
135
5
17
1
PW_BS000135
108
1
3
PW_BS000108
143
1
5
19
1
PW_BS000143
146
5
19
1
PW_BS000146
107
31
3
PW_BS000107
147
1
24
1
PW_BS000147
151
1
4
1
PW_BS000151
155
3
24
1
PW_BS000155
161
3
18
1
PW_BS000161
166
1
1
PW_BS000166
178
3
21
1
PW_BS000178
188
1
18
PW_BS000024
160
1
18
1
PW_BS000160
199
14
18
1
PW_BS000024
205
5
6
1
PW_BS000024
206
2
6
1
PW_BS000024
210
13
18
1
PW_BS000024
213
7
18
1
PW_BS000024
211
10
18
PW_BS000024
198
5
18
1
PW_BS000024
216
4
18
1
PW_BS000024
217
15
18
PW_BS000024
218
15
18
1
PW_BS000024
163
2
18
1
PW_BS000163
222
3
4
1
PW_BS000024
190
11
18
PW_BS000024
225
35
4
1
PW_BS000024
277
1
2
18
PW_BS000024
170
18
PW_BS000170
281
1
25
1
PW_BS000024
164
4
PW_BS000164
285
10
4
1
PW_BS000024
226
4
4
1
PW_BS000024
290
5
49
1
PW_BS000024
223
12
4
1
PW_BS000024
308
10
1
1
PW_BS000024
315
1
23
PW_BS000024
322
1
23
1
PW_BS000024
318
31
23
PW_BS000024
253
5
4
1
PW_BS000024
134
12
12
1
PW_BS000134
329
14
12
1
PW_BS000028
333
1
2
12
PW_BS000028
336
1
12
1
PW_BS000028
332
1
7
12
1
PW_BS000028
350
1
14
12
1
PW_BS000028
128
15
12
1
PW_BS000128
351
15
12
PW_BS000028
353
25
12
7
PW_BS000028
335
27
12
1
PW_BS000028
115
10
12
PW_BS000115
130
13
12
1
PW_BS000130
331
7
12
1
PW_BS000028
334
4
12
1
PW_BS000028
368
3
60
1
PW_BS000028
184
1
2
1
PW_BS000024
119
2
17
1
PW_BS000119
1
1
PW_BS000001
124
1
5
1
PW_BS000124
94
3
PW_BS000094
388
1
6
1
PW_BS000112
109
32
3
PW_BS000109
122
5
5
1
PW_BS000122
406
3
5
1
PW_BS000115
407
2
5
1
PW_BS000115
382
14
5
1
PW_BS000100
412
1
2
5
PW_BS000115
429
1
5
1
PW_BS000115
123
1
7
5
1
PW_BS000123
433
1
14
5
1
PW_BS000115
408
4
5
1
PW_BS000115
410
15
5
1
PW_BS000115
125
13
5
1
PW_BS000125
383
7
5
1
PW_BS000100
405
10
5
PW_BS000115
422
27
5
1
PW_BS000115
435
15
5
PW_BS000115
399
14
17
1
PW_BS000113
446
1
2
17
PW_BS000115
464
1
17
1
PW_BS000115
447
1
7
17
1
PW_BS000115
468
1
14
17
1
PW_BS000115
374
4
17
1
PW_BS000053
444
15
17
1
PW_BS000115
136
13
17
1
PW_BS000136
398
7
17
1
PW_BS000113
376
10
17
PW_BS000053
472
25
17
7
PW_BS000115
375
27
17
1
PW_BS000053
470
15
17
PW_BS000115
297
5
10
1
PW_BS000024
479
3
10
1
PW_BS000115
299
1
10
1
PW_BS000024
481
2
10
1
PW_BS000115
484
14
10
1
PW_BS000115
485
15
10
1
PW_BS000115
300
13
10
1
PW_BS000024
495
7
10
1
PW_BS000115
478
10
10
PW_BS000115
491
27
10
1
PW_BS000115
499
15
10
PW_BS000115
501
3
6
1
PW_BS000115
389
14
6
1
PW_BS000112
516
15
6
1
PW_BS000115
395
13
6
1
PW_BS000113
390
7
6
1
PW_BS000112
209
10
6
PW_BS000024
508
27
6
1
PW_BS000115
517
15
6
PW_BS000115
249
13
4
1
PW_BS000024
288
14
4
1
PW_BS000024
306
35
51
1
PW_BS000024
17
12
1
1
PW_BS000017
372
10
2
PW_BS000028
384
12
5
1
PW_BS000100
391
12
6
1
PW_BS000112
121
12
17
1
PW_BS000121
21
5
1
1
4
PW_BS000021
43
25
1
1
PW_BS000043
56
26
1
1
PW_BS000056
214
25
18
1
PW_BS000024
356
25
12
1
PW_BS000028
15
11
1
PW_BS000015
419
25
5
1
PW_BS000115
455
25
17
1
PW_BS000115
482
4
10
1
PW_BS000115
490
25
10
1
PW_BS000115
502
4
6
1
PW_BS000115
507
25
6
1
PW_BS000115
36
1
20
1
1
PW_BS000036
9
6
1
1
PW_BS000009
11
1
8
1
1
PW_BS000011
28
1
16
1
1
PW_BS000028
95
1
7
2
1
PW_BS000095
141
1
7
19
1
PW_BS000141
78
8
1
1
PW_BS000078
298
1
7
10
1
PW_BS000024
293
4
1
PW_BS000024
480
12
10
1
PW_BS000115
42
24
1
1
PW_BS000042
6
1
3
1
PW_BS000006
102
12
3
1
PW_BS000102
126
6
5
1
PW_BS000126
127
1
16
5
1
PW_BS000127
156
12
24
1
PW_BS000156
162
12
18
1
PW_BS000162
179
12
21
1
PW_BS000179
224
2
4
1
PW_BS000024
215
6
18
1
PW_BS000024
227
34
4
1
PW_BS000024
291
6
49
1
PW_BS000024
292
4
49
1
PW_BS000024
301
6
10
1
PW_BS000024
302
1
16
10
1
PW_BS000024
113
6
12
1
PW_BS000113
337
1
16
12
1
PW_BS000028
345
24
12
1
PW_BS000028
358
39
12
PW_BS000028
369
12
60
1
PW_BS000028
418
24
5
1
PW_BS000115
443
6
17
1
PW_BS000115
448
1
16
17
1
PW_BS000115
454
24
17
1
PW_BS000115
489
24
10
1
PW_BS000115
207
6
6
1
PW_BS000024
506
24
6
1
PW_BS000115
73
10
1
3
PW_BS000073
85
24
10
1
1
PW_BS000085
35
5
19
1
4
PW_BS000035
47
19
1
4
PW_BS000047
71
11
1
3
PW_BS000071
114
11
12
PW_BS000114
74
1
3
PW_BS000074
228
36
1
PW_BS000024
409
11
5
PW_BS000115
137
11
17
PW_BS000137
362
10
12
1
PW_BS000028
116
12
PW_BS000116
541
10
12
3
PW_BS000173
556
24
10
12
1
PW_BS000177
414
Adenosine triphosphate
HMDB0000538
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
56-65-5
C00002
5957
15422
ATP
5742
DB00171
NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
C10H16N5O13P3
InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N
({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid
507.181
506.995745159
-2.05
7
adenosine triphosphate
0
-3
FDB021813
5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acid
PW_C000414
ATP
9
2
21
4
60
8
266
16
414
22
478
13
733
32
799
5
934
39
976
3
2105
18
2112
10
2146
49
2156
14
2160
58
2405
59
2434
27
2726
46
2812
29
3029
66
3163
72
3616
61
3617
51
4399
23
4474
31
4768
91
4864
54
5032
89
5035
26
5155
7
5205
97
5215
100
5250
104
5291
101
5313
111
5346
112
5390
103
5406
117
5430
118
5443
120
5542
129
5556
132
5569
133
5603
135
5621
108
5846
143
5854
146
5876
107
5897
147
5924
151
6048
155
6109
161
6230
166
6493
178
6839
188
6870
160
6976
199
7157
205
7184
206
7209
210
7225
213
7229
211
7298
198
7302
216
7390
217
7408
218
7432
163
7481
222
7499
190
8186
225
11847
277
11903
170
12010
281
12039
164
12178
285
12578
226
12691
290
13264
223
15327
308
42326
315
42621
322
42694
318
77028
253
77218
134
77233
329
77468
333
77632
336
78037
332
78041
350
78168
128
78214
351
78240
353
78411
335
78494
115
78850
130
78865
331
78919
334
80028
368
80046
184
80674
119
85629
1
94826
124
113234
94
113282
388
116280
109
119914
122
119992
406
120154
407
120245
382
120362
412
121246
429
121392
123
121397
433
121471
408
121974
410
122065
125
122079
383
122083
405
122402
422
122444
435
122919
399
123009
446
123816
464
123951
447
123956
468
124029
374
124527
444
124616
136
124630
398
124634
376
124943
472
124972
375
125011
470
125304
297
125371
479
125392
299
125515
481
125595
484
126123
485
126220
300
126234
495
126240
478
126547
491
126596
499
126913
501
127123
389
127731
516
127781
395
127796
390
127801
209
128119
508
128167
517
170
Pyrophosphate
HMDB0000250
The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout.
14000-31-8
C00013
644102
18361
PPI
559142
DB04160
[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O
O7P2
InChI=1S/H4O7P2/c1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)/p-4
XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J
(phosphonooxy)phosphonic acid
173.9433
173.911925378
4
pyrophosphoric acid
0
-3
FDB021918
(4-)diphosphoric acid ion;(p2o74-)diphosphate;Diphosphate;Diphosphoric acid;Ppi;Pyrometaphosphate;Pyrophosphate;Pyrophosphate tetraanion;Pyrophosphate(4-) ion;[o3popo3](4-);Diphosphat;P2o7(4-);Pyrophosphat;Pyrophosphate ion;Phosphonato phosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid ion
PW_C000170
Ppi
12
2
35
4
63
8
429
23
735
32
882
22
1217
3
1620
49
2410
59
2815
29
4175
14
4868
54
5034
89
5252
104
5294
101
5409
117
5424
103
5433
118
5458
120
5548
111
5559
132
5584
133
5606
135
5655
108
5879
107
6239
166
6978
199
7073
188
7134
163
7272
160
7312
198
7318
213
8275
151
8283
210
11869
161
12002
222
12041
164
12315
225
12323
249
12512
288
12579
226
12695
290
15219
306
15375
18
34760
17
42561
315
42697
318
77235
329
77317
128
77635
336
78416
335
78928
331
79153
112
79950
134
79958
130
80047
372
80417
170
85630
1
94786
384
94814
125
94819
382
98678
223
110634
391
113270
395
113275
389
115527
136
115532
399
119934
122
120017
124
120032
406
120330
410
120936
407
121261
429
121341
121
121486
383
122407
422
122985
444
123502
119
123831
464
124044
398
124977
375
125324
297
125395
299
125410
479
125597
484
125656
485
125876
481
126552
491
126869
205
126935
388
126950
501
127337
206
128124
508
41
cAMP
HMDB0000058
cAMP or cyclic AMP is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase.
60-92-4
C00575
6076
17489
CAMP
5851
DB02527
NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@@H]2COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2[C@H]1O
C10H12N5O6P
InChI=1S/C10H12N5O6P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(16)7-4(20-10)1-19-22(17,18)21-7/h2-4,6-7,10,16H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUSA-N
(4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-hexahydro-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one
329.2059
329.052519653
-1.96
3
(4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-tetrahydro-4H-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one
0
-1
FDB001497
Cyclic AMP;3'5'-cyclic amp;6-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro-4h-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2,7-diol 2-oxide;Acrasin;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate;Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphorate;Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid;Adenosine cyclic monophosphate;Adenosine cyclic-monophosphate;Adenosine-cyclic-phosphate;Adenosine-cyclic-phosphoric-acid;Cyclic 3',5'-amp;Cyclic 3',5'-adenylate;Cyclic 3',5'-adenylic acid;Cyclic amp;Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-phosphate;Camp;Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate;Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate;Cyclic adenylic acid;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphoric acid;Adenosine 3',5'-phosphoric acid;Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphoric acid;Cyclic adenylate
PW_C000041
cAMP
267
16
475
2
935
39
1000
21
1916
8
4174
14
11830
198
78709
111
80044
184
121904
122
124457
135
423
Magnesium
HMDB0000547
Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.
22537-22-0
C00305
888
18420
13-HYDROXY-MAGNESIUM-PROTOPORP
865
DB01378
[Mg++]
Mg
InChI=1S/Mg/q+2
JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
magnesium(2+) ion
24.305
23.985041898
0
magnesium(2+) ion
2
2
FDB003518
Magnesium;Magnesium ions;Magnesium ion;Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion;Magnesium, ion (mg(2+));Mg(2+);Mg2+
PW_C000423
Mg2+
86
8
227
4
268
16
476
2
727
26
811
5
819
18
883
22
936
39
983
3
992
21
1167
46
1483
49
1529
43
1764
14
2124
10
2411
59
2942
23
3126
29
3373
7
4540
31
4774
91
4869
54
4974
56
5253
104
5329
111
5356
112
5376
103
5906
147
5934
151
6038
155
6094
161
6250
166
6484
178
6594
164
6881
160
6979
199
7170
205
7194
206
7227
213
7233
211
7250
214
7310
216
7313
198
7473
222
11763
132
11843
210
12312
225
12324
249
12513
288
12581
226
12729
290
15275
285
15337
308
77137
133
77236
329
77937
336
78393
334
78417
335
78489
115
78522
331
78536
356
78574
130
80020
368
80045
184
80048
372
80623
118
80654
135
80865
15
80965
253
81841
51
93832
383
94900
27
108596
223
110559
390
115687
398
119974
406
120070
122
120247
382
120702
407
120981
408
121181
124
121265
429
121319
419
121924
125
122086
405
122408
422
122759
120
122921
399
123307
119
123546
374
123835
464
123889
455
124477
136
124637
376
124978
375
125447
297
125598
484
125669
479
125777
481
125921
482
125947
299
125973
495
126000
490
126243
478
126553
491
126753
300
127125
389
127164
501
127380
502
127407
388
127451
507
127804
209
128125
508
128347
395
1867
Nitric oxide
HMDB0003378
The biologically active molecule nitric oxide (NO) is a simple, membrane-permeable gas with unique chemistry. It is formed by the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline, with the release of NO. The enzymatic oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline takes place in the presence of oxygen and NADPH using flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), heme, thiol, and tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactors. The enzyme responsible for the generation of NO is nitric oxide synthase (E.C. 1.7.99.7; NOS). Three NOS isoforms have been described and shown to be encoded on three distinct genes: neuronal NOS (nNOS, NOS type I), inducible NOS (NOS type II), and endothelial NOS (eNOS, NOS type III). Two of them are constitutively expressed and dependent on the presence of calcium ions and calmodulin to function (nNOS and eNOS), while iNOS is considered non-constitutive and calcium-independent. However, experience has shown that constitutive expression of nNOS and eNOS is not as rigid as previously thought (i.e. either present or absent), but can be dynamically controlled during development and in response to injury. Functionally, NO may act as a hormone, neurotransmitter, paracrine messenger, mediator, cytoprotective molecule, and cytotoxic molecule. NO has multiple cellular molecular targets. It influences the activity of transcription factors, modulates upstream signaling cascades, mRNA stability and translation, and processes the primary gene products. In the brain, many processes are linked to NO. NO activates its receptor, soluble guanylate cyclase by binding to it. The stimulation of this enzyme leads to increased synthesis of the second messenger, cGMP, which in turn activates cGMP-dependent kinases in target cells. NO exerts a strong influence on glutamatergic neurotransmission by directly interacting with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Neuronal NOS is connected to NMDA receptors (see below) and sharply increases NO production following activation of this receptor. Thus, the level of endogenously produced NO around NMDA synapses reflects the activity of glutamate-mediated neurotransmission. However, there is recent evidence showing that non-NMDA glutamate receptors (i.e. AMPA and type I metabotropic receptors) also contribute to NO generation. Besides its influence on glutamate, NO is known to have effects on the storage, uptake and/or release of most other neurotransmitters in the CNS (acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, GABA, taurine, and glycine) as well as of certain neuropeptides. Finally, since NO is a highly diffusible molecule, it may reach extrasynaptic receptors at target cell membranes that are some distance away from the place of NO synthesis. NO is thus capable of mediating both synaptic and nonsynaptic communication processes. NO is a potent vasodilator (a major endogenous regulator of vascular tone), and an important endothelium-dependent relaxing factor. NO is synthesized by NO synthases (NOS) and NOS are inhibited by asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA). ADMA is metabolized by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) and excreted in the kidneys. Lower ADMA levels in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant controls suggest that ADMA has a role in vascular dilatation and blood pressure changes. Several studies show an increase in ADMA levels in pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia. Elevated ADMA levels in preeclampsia are seen before clinical symptoms have developed; these findings suggest that ADMA has a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In some pulmonary hypertensive states such as ARDS, the production of endogenous NO may be impaired. Nitric oxide inhalation selectively dilates the pulmonary circulation. Significant systemic vasodilation does not occur because NO is inactivated by rapidly binding to hemoglobin. In an injured lung with pulmonary hypertension, inhaled NO produces local vasodilation of well-ventilated lung units and may "steal" blood flow away from unventilated regions. This reduces intrapulmonary shunting and may improve systemic arterial oxygenation. Nitric oxide is a chemical mediator fundamental in the maintenance of adequate tissue perfusion and effective cardiovascular function. The use of nitrates is well established as pharmacological agents but it is only recently that it has been recognized that they act as a source of nitric oxide (PMID: 16966108, 8752507, 17181668, 16005189). Nitric oxide is used as a food additive (EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States).
10102-43-9
C00533
145068
16480
NITRIC-OXIDE
127983
DB00435
[N]=O
NO
InChI=1S/NO/c1-2
MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
nitroso
30.0061
29.997988627
0
nitric oxide
0
0
FDB021825
Mononitrogen monoxide;Nitric oxide;Nitrogen monoxide;Nitrogen oxide;Nitrogen protoxide;Nitrosyl hydride;Nitrosyl radical;Nitroxide radical;Nitroxyl;(no)(.);[no];Edrf;Endothelium-derived relaxing factor;Monoxido de nitrogeno;Monoxyde d'azote;Nitrogen monooxide;Nitrosyl;No;(.)no;No(.);Oxido de nitrogeno(ii);Oxido nitrico;Oxyde azotique;Oxyde nitrique;Stickstoff(ii)-oxid;Stickstoffmonoxid
PW_C001867
NO
4795
14
4799
14
11896
211
77514
115
80331
8
120428
405
123062
376
1799
Heme
HMDB0003178
Heme is the color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic subunit; these are known as hemoproteins.
14875-96-8
C00032
17627
HEME_A
24604415
DB02577
CC1=C(CCC(O)=O)C2=CC3=[N+]4C(=CC5=C(C)C(C=C)=C6C=C7C(C)=C(C=C)C8=[N+]7[Fe--]4(N2C1=C8)N56)C(C)=C3CCC(O)=O
C34H32FeN4O4
InChI=1S/C34H34N4O4.Fe/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25;/h7-8,13-16H,1-2,9-12H2,3-6H3,(H4,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42);/q;+2/p-2/b25-13-,26-13-,27-14-,28-15-,29-14-,30-15-,31-16-,32-16-;
KABFMIBPWCXCRK-RGGAHWMASA-L
4,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide
616.487
616.177297665
-5.48
2
4,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide
0
-2
FDB016272
(protoporphyrinato)iron;Ferroheme;Ferroheme b;Ferroprotoheme;Ferroprotoporphyrin;Ferroprotoporphyrin ix;Ferrous protoheme;Ferrous protoheme ix;Haem;Hem;Heme;Iron protoporphyrin;Iron protoporphyrin ix;Iron(ii) protoporphyrin ix;Protoferroheme;Protohaem;Protoheme;Protoheme ix;Reduced hematin
PW_C001799
Heme
247
16
308
10
324
8
608
2
766
5
1244
3
1354
49
1413
36
1963
18
2806
29
2938
9
3238
11
3367
26
3421
14
3734
4
4043
31
4823
28
5170
95
5472
123
5485
125
5517
129
5830
141
6246
78
6283
1
6597
151
7044
160
7060
161
7326
213
11835
198
11898
211
12065
164
13009
298
13021
300
42278
17
76915
293
76931
249
77351
111
77364
130
77367
331
77398
332
77517
115
77629
336
77813
334
78380
133
78602
132
78963
112
79932
134
120431
405
120603
408
120955
407
121085
383
121658
429
121746
124
121910
122
122570
406
122691
384
123065
376
123133
447
123144
136
123228
374
123521
119
123650
398
124216
464
124297
118
124463
135
125142
120
125277
121
125742
482
125896
481
126196
299
126499
297
126512
495
126718
479
126827
480
127224
502
127357
206
127632
388
128070
205
128083
395
128086
390
128309
501
128434
391
964
FAD
HMDB0001248
FAD, also known as flavitan or adeflavin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). FAD has been found in human liver and muscle tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as feces and blood. Within the cell, FAD is primarily located in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisome. FAD exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the risedronate action pathway, the ibandronate action pathway, the valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation pathway, and the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. FAD is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the oncogenic action OF L-2-hydroxyglutarate in hydroxygluaricaciduria pathway, gaba-transaminase deficiency, 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria/succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, and the saccharopinuria/hyperlysinemia II pathway. FAD is a condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972).
146-14-5
C00016
643975
16238
FAD
559059
DB03147
CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC3=C1N=CN=C3N)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2
C27H33N9O15P2
InChI=1S/C27H33N9O15P2/c1-10-3-12-13(4-11(10)2)35(24-18(32-12)25(42)34-27(43)33-24)5-14(37)19(39)15(38)6-48-52(44,45)51-53(46,47)49-7-16-20(40)21(41)26(50-16)36-9-31-17-22(28)29-8-30-23(17)36/h3-4,8-9,14-16,19-21,26,37-41H,5-7H2,1-2H3,(H,44,45)(H,46,47)(H2,28,29,30)(H,34,42,43)/t14-,15+,16+,19-,20+,21+,26+/m0/s1
VWWQXMAJTJZDQX-UYBVJOGSSA-N
{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}[({[(2R,3S,4S)-5-{7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-2H,3H,4H,10H-benzo[g]pteridin-10-yl}-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl]oxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphinic acid
785.5497
785.157134455
-2.27
9
flavine-adenine dinucleotide
0
-3
FDB022511
1h-purin-6-amine flavin dinucleotide;1h-purin-6-amine flavine dinucleotide;Adenine-flavin dinucleotide;Adenine-flavine dinucleotide;Adenine-riboflavin dinuceotide;Adenine-riboflavin dinucleotide;Adenine-riboflavine dinucleotide;Fad;Flamitajin b;Flanin f;Flavin adenine dinucleotide;Flavin adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Flavin-adenine dinucleotide;Flavine adenosine diphosphate;Flavine-adenine dinucleotide;Flavitan;Flaziren;Isoalloxazine-adenine dinucleotide;Riboflavin 5'-adenosine diphosphate;Riboflavin-adenine dinucleotide;Riboflavine-adenine dinucleotide;Adeflavin
PW_C000964
FAD
99
9
114
5
186
8
192
3
216
4
253
17
628
28
825
18
840
2
1188
14
1489
42
1612
29
1622
49
2133
58
2536
22
3723
26
4602
36
4688
31
4741
13
4758
10
4881
6
5268
103
5285
102
5335
111
5496
126
5511
127
5613
118
6030
155
6054
156
6082
161
6116
162
6390
1
6475
178
6499
179
6666
107
7039
163
7175
205
7321
213
7465
222
7487
223
9076
224
11818
216
11887
215
11899
211
12296
225
12328
249
12443
151
12519
227
12595
226
12710
291
12720
292
13029
301
13041
302
43623
318
77080
293
77126
133
77152
134
77501
113
77507
112
77518
115
77541
334
77615
132
77726
337
78054
329
78375
345
78930
331
79222
336
79272
358
80012
368
80034
369
80714
119
119958
406
119999
384
120051
408
120107
407
120432
405
120453
122
120490
124
121278
429
121298
418
121417
382
121489
383
122748
120
122776
121
122802
374
122823
443
123066
376
123087
135
123166
448
123849
464
123868
454
123976
399
124047
398
125348
479
125378
480
125429
482
125474
481
125697
297
125979
489
126107
299
126277
484
126891
501
126920
391
126968
502
126987
207
127011
206
127310
209
127432
506
127602
388
127840
389
1170
Flavin Mononucleotide
HMDB0001520
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5?-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. During the catalytic cycle, the reversible interconversion of oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH) and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers. Flavin mononucleotide is also used as an orange-red food colour additive. It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues.
146-17-8
C00061
643976
17621
FMN
559060
DB03247
CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)COP(O)(O)=O)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2
C17H21N4O9P
InChI=1S/C17H21N4O9P/c1-7-3-9-10(4-8(7)2)21(15-13(18-9)16(25)20-17(26)19-15)5-11(22)14(24)12(23)6-30-31(27,28)29/h3-4,11-12,14,22-24H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H,20,25,26)(H2,27,28,29)/t11-,12+,14-/m0/s1
FVTCRASFADXXNN-SCRDCRAPSA-N
{[(2R,3S,4S)-5-{7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-2H,3H,4H,10H-benzo[g]pteridin-10-yl}-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl]oxy}phosphonic acid
456.3438
456.104614802
-2.83
6
riboflavin 5'-phosphate
0
-3
FDB001984
Fmn;Flanin;Flavine mononucleotide;Flavol;Riboflavin;Riboflavin 5'-monophosphate;Riboflavin 5'-phosphate;Riboflavin mononucleotide;Riboflavin monophosphate;Riboflavin phosphate;Riboflavin-5'-phosphate na;Riboflavin-5-phosphate;Riboflavine 5'-monophosphate;Riboflavine 5'-phosphate;Riboflavine dihydrogen phosphate;Riboflavine monophosphate;Riboflavine phosphate;Riboflavine-5'-phosphate;Vitamin b2 phosphate;Flavin mononucleotide;Riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
PW_C001170
FlvnMnt
539
8
1190
14
1692
2
4961
31
5772
101
11900
211
12313
225
77519
115
77590
111
78730
132
120433
405
120454
122
121929
124
123067
376
123088
135
124482
118
125698
297
126104
299
127190
205
127312
209
127686
388
19
Tetrahydrobiopterin
HMDB0000027
Tetrahydrobiopterin or BH4 is a cofactor in the synthesis of nitric oxide. In fact it is used by all three human nitric-oxide synthases (NOS) eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS as well as the enzyme glyceryl-ether monooxygenase. It is also essential in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine by the enzyme phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase; the conversion of tyrosine to L-dopa by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase; and conversion of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan via tryptophan hydroxylase. Specifically, tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor for tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and phenylalanine hydroxylase all of which are essential for the formation of the neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline. Tetrahydrobiopterin has been proposed to be involved in promotion of neurotransmitter release in the brain and the regulation of human melanogenesis. A defect in BH4 production and/or a defect in the enzyme dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) causes phenylketonuria type IV, as well as dopa-responsive dystonias. BH4 is also implicated in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and depression. Tetrahydrobiopterin is present in probably every cell or tissue of higher animals. On the other hand, most bacteria, fungi and plants do not synthesize tetrahydrobiopterin. -- Wikipedia.
17528-72-2
C00272
1125
15372
TETRA-H-BIOPTERIN
1093
DB00360
CC(O)C(O)C1CNC2=C(N1)C(=O)N=C(N)N2
C9H15N5O3
InChI=1S/C9H15N5O3/c1-3(15)6(16)4-2-11-7-5(12-4)8(17)14-9(10)13-7/h3-4,6,12,15-16H,2H2,1H3,(H4,10,11,13,14,17)
FNKQXYHWGSIFBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2-amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydropteridin-4-one
241.2471
241.117489371
-2.04
6
tetrahydrobiopterin
0
0
FDB021880
(1r,2s)-(2-amino-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)-1,2-propandiol;2-amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydoro-4(1h)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-4(1h)-pteridinone;2-amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4(1h)-pteridinone;5,6,7,8-erythro-tetrahydrobiopterin;5,6,7,8-tetra-h-biopterin;5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-4(1h)-pteridinone;5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin;L-erythro-2-amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4(3h)-pteridinon;Tetra-h-biopterin;Tetra-hydro-biopterin;Tetrahydrobiopterin;2-amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydoro-4(1h)-pteridinone;Bh4
PW_C000019
BH4
1957
2
4085
8
4800
14
4803
14
4962
31
11901
211
77520
115
78663
132
120434
405
121616
124
123068
376
124174
118
126493
299
127585
388
986
Guanosine triphosphate
HMDB0001273
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is a guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. GTP functions as a carrier of phosphates and pyrophosphates involved in channeling chemical energy into specific biosynthetic pathways. GTP activates the signal transducing G proteins which are involved in various cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and activation of several intracellular kinase cascades. Proliferation and apoptosis are regulated in part by the hydrolysis of GTP by small GTPases Ras and Rho. Another type of small GTPase, Rab, plays a role in the docking and fusion of vesicles and may also be involved in vesicle formation. In addition to its role in signal transduction, GTP also serves as an energy-rich precursor of mononucleotide units in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.
86-01-1
C00044
6830
15996
GTP
6569
NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1
C10H16N5O14P3
InChI=1S/C10H16N5O14P3/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(27-9)1-26-31(22,23)29-32(24,25)28-30(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H,24,25)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1
XKMLYUALXHKNFT-UUOKFMHZSA-N
({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid
523.1804
522.990659781
-1.70
8
triphosphate, guanosine
0
-3
FDB022527
5'-gtp;Gtg;Gtp;Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate);Guanosine 5'-triphosphate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphorate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Guanosine triphosphate;Guanosine mono(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) (ester);H4gtp;Guanosine-5'-triphosphate
PW_C000986
GTP
81
8
240
4
1939
2
4091
14
4153
73
5006
85
5384
103
6043
155
6103
161
6490
178
7478
222
11753
115
11769
198
11981
151
12725
290
69327
1
76962
225
77144
133
77544
111
77951
132
80025
368
80088
308
80121
164
89113
253
119985
406
120066
122
121204
124
122768
120
122818
135
123774
118
125365
479
125443
297
126480
299
126907
501
126982
205
128051
388
1013
Cyclic GMP
HMDB0001314
Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed).
7665-99-8
C00942
24316
16356
CGMP
22734
NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@@H]3COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]3[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1
C10H12N5O7P
InChI=1S/C10H12N5O7P/c11-10-13-7-4(8(17)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-5(16)6-3(21-9)1-20-23(18,19)22-6/h2-3,5-6,9,16H,1H2,(H,18,19)(H3,11,13,14,17)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1
ZOOGRGPOEVQQDX-UUOKFMHZSA-N
9-[(4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-2,7-dihydroxy-2-oxo-hexahydro-2λ⁵-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-6-yl]-2-amino-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-6-one
345.2053
345.047434275
-1.96
4
cyclic-GMP
0
-1
FDB022549
3',5'-cyclic gmp;3',5'-guanosine;3',5'-guanosine monophosphate;Cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate;Cyclic gmp;Cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate;Cyclic-gmp;Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate;Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate;Guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate;Guanosine cyclic-monophosphate;Guanosine-cyclic-phosphoric-acid;Cgmp;Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate;Guanosine cyclic monophosphate;Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid;Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphoric acid;Guanosine cyclic monophosphoric acid
PW_C001013
cGMP
80540
8
353
Calcium
HMDB0000464
Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Requirements are greatest during periods of growth, such as childhood, during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. Adults need between 1,000 and 1,300 mg of calcium in their daily diet. Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, while overretention can cause kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy products. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. These include: seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); beans; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. Calcium has also been found to assist in the production of lymphatic fluids.
14127-61-8
C00076
271
29108
CA%2b2
266
DB01373
[Ca++]
Ca
InChI=1S/Ca/q+2
BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
calcium(2+) ion
40.078
39.962591155
0
calcium(2+) ion
2
2
FDB003513
Ca;Calcium element;Ca(2+);Ca2+;Calcium ion;Calcium, doubly charged positive ion
PW_C000353
Ca2+
276
16
303
8
553
14
601
2
941
15
993
21
997
35
1046
3
1163
46
1164
47
1478
49
1491
42
1552
43
2116
58
2138
17
2796
18
2937
9
3159
71
3160
72
3942
29
4186
66
4782
10
4822
28
5340
111
5780
101
7179
205
7232
211
7258
160
7281
190
11774
213
11837
198
11842
210
12198
164
12215
285
15288
151
15350
308
69336
1
77389
331
77600
115
78154
132
78266
356
78526
345
78724
130
78908
114
80413
74
80589
228
81826
51
120220
122
120465
405
121049
124
121300
418
121377
419
121850
383
121923
125
122370
409
122895
135
123099
376
123613
118
123870
454
123936
455
124403
398
124476
136
124924
137
125571
297
125711
478
125981
489
126009
299
126050
490
126533
495
127203
209
127434
506
127460
388
127502
507
128105
390
79
G protein-coupled receptor
Compound
ProteinComplex
PW_EC000079
GPCR
16768
Adenylate cyclase type 10
Q3V0F8
Catalyzes the formation of the signaling molecule cAMP. May function as sensor that mediates responses to changes in cellular bicarbonate and CO(2) levels (By similarity). Has a critical role in mammalian spermatogenesis by producing the cAMP which regulates cAMP-responsive nuclear factors indispensable for sperm maturation in the epididymis. Induces capacitation, the maturational process that sperm undergo prior to fertilization (PubMed:14976244, PubMed:16054031). Involved in ciliary beat regulation (By similarity).
Adcy10
12
4.6.1.1
131755
111
19874
Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial
Q7TSV7
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is implicated in vascular smooth muscle relaxation through a cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway. NO mediates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in coronary vessels and promotes blood clotting through the activation of platelets. May play a significant role in normal and abnormal limb development.
Nos3
12
1.14.13.39
131818
111
16772
Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-1
Q9DBQ3
Gucy1a1
12
4.6.1.2
132691
111
14314
Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-1
O54865
Mediates responses to nitric oxide (NO) by catalyzing the biosynthesis of the signaling molecule cGMP.
Gucy1b1
12
4.6.1.2
79776
111
19899
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2
Q9Z350
Associates with KCNQ3 to form a potassium channel with essentially identical properties to the channel underlying the native M-current, a slowly activating and deactivating potassium conductance which plays a critical role in determining the subthreshold electrical excitability of neurons as well as the responsiveness to synaptic inputs. Therefore, it is important in the regulation of neuronal excitability.
Kcnq2
12
19903
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3
E9QJY5
Associates with KCNQ2 or KCNQ5 to form a potassium channel with essentially identical properties to the channel underlying the native M-current, a slowly activating and deactivating potassium conductance which plays a critical role in determining the subthreshold electrical excitability of neurons as well as the responsiveness to synaptic inputs. Therefore, it is important in the regulation of neuronal excitability.
Kcnq3
12
19906
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4
Q8C9Y6
Probably important in the regulation of neuronal excitability. May underlie a potassium current involved in regulating the excitability of sensory cells of the cochlea.
Kcnq4
12
19908
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5
Q8BSF6
Associates with KCNQ3 to form a potassium channel which contributes to M-type current, a slowly activating and deactivating potassium conductance which plays a critical role in determining the subthreshold electrical excitability of neurons. Therefore, it is important in the regulation of neuronal excitability. May contribute, with other potassium channels, to the molecular diversity of a heterogeneous population of M-channels, varying in kinetic and pharmacological properties, which underlie this physiologically important current.
Kcnq5
12
19878
Short transient receptor potential channel 3
Q61058
Thought to form a receptor-activated non-selective calcium permeant cation channel. Probably is operated by a phosphatidylinositol second messenger system activated by receptor tyrosine kinases or G-protein coupled receptors. Activated by diacylglycerol (DAG) in a membrane-delimited fashion, independently of protein kinase C, and by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors (ITPR) with bound IP3 (By similarity). May also be activated by internal calcium store depletion.
Trpc3
12
19884
Short transient receptor potential channel 4
Q9QZC0
Thought to form a receptor-activated non-selective calcium permeant cation channel. Probably is operated by a phosphatidylinositol second messenger system activated by receptor tyrosine kinases or G-protein coupled receptors. Acts as a cell-cell contact-dependent endothelial calcium entry channel. Has also been shown to be calcium-selective (By similarity). May also be activated by intracellular calcium store depletion. Trpc4 deficient mice lack a store-operated calcium entry in endothelial cells.
Trpc4
12
19885
Short transient receptor potential channel 7
Q9WVC5
Thought to form a receptor-activated non-selective calcium permeant cation channel. Probably is operated by a phosphatidylinositol second messenger system activated by receptor tyrosine kinases or G-protein coupled receptors. Activated by diacylglycerol (DAG). May also be activated by intracellular calcium store depletion.
Trpc7
12
19886
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4
Q9ES76
Non-selective calcium permeant cation channel involved in osmotic sensitivity and mechanosensitivity (PubMed:11094154). Activation by exposure to hypotonicity within the physiological range exhibits an outward rectification (PubMed:12093812, PubMed:14691263, PubMed:16368742, PubMed:16571723). Also activated by heat, low pH, citrate and phorbol esters (PubMed:14691263). Increase of intracellular Ca(2+) potentiates currents. Channel activity seems to be regulated by a calmodulin-dependent mechanism with a negative feedback mechanism (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of intracellular Ca(2+) in synoviocytes (By similarity). Plays an obligatory role as a molecular component in the nonselective cation channel activation induced by 4-alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate and hypotonic stimulation in synoviocytes and also regulates production of IL-8 (By similarity). Together with PKD2, forms mechano- and thermosensitive channels in cilium (PubMed:18695040). Promotes cell-cell junction formation in skin keratinocytes and plays an important role in the formation and/or maintenance of functional intercellular barriers (PubMed:20413591). Negatively regulates expression of PPARGC1A, UCP1, oxidative metabolism and respiration in adipocytes (PubMed:23021218). Regulates expression of chemokines and cytokines related to proinflammatory pathway in adipocytes (PubMed:23021218). Together with AQP5, controls regulatory volume decrease in salivary epithelial cells (PubMed:16571723). Required for normal development and maintenance of bone and cartilage (By similarity).
Trpv4
12
19892
cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1
Q9Z0Z0
Serine/threonine protein kinase that acts as key mediator of the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP signaling pathway. GMP binding activates PRKG1, which phosphorylates serines and threonines on many cellular proteins. Numerous protein targets for PRKG1 phosphorylation are implicated in modulating cellular calcium, but the contribution of each of these targets may vary substantially among cell types. Proteins that are phosphorylated by PRKG1 regulate platelet activation and adhesion, smooth muscle contraction, cardiac function, gene expression, feedback of the NO-signaling pathway, and other processes involved in several aspects of the CNS like axon guidance, hippocampal and cerebellar learning, circadian rhythm and nociception. Smooth muscle relaxation is mediated through lowering of intracellular free calcium, by desensitization of contractile proteins to calcium, and by decrease in the contractile state of smooth muscle or in platelet activation. Regulates intracellular calcium levels via several pathways: phosphorylates MRVI1/IRAG and inhibits IP3-induced Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores, phosphorylation of KCNMA1 (BKCa) channels decreases intracellular Ca(2+) levels, which leads to increased opening of this channel. PRKG1 phosphorylates the canonical transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) family which inactivates the associated inward calcium current. Another mode of action of NO/cGMP/PKGI signaling involves PKGI-mediated inactivation of the Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA). Phosphorylation of RHOA by PRKG1 blocks the action of this protein in myriad processes: regulation of RHOA translocation; decreasing contraction; controlling vesicle trafficking, reduction of myosin light chain phosphorylation resulting in vasorelaxation. Activation of PRKG1 by NO signaling alters also gene expression in a number of tissues. In smooth muscle cells, increased cGMP and PRKG1 activity influence expression of smooth muscle-specific contractile proteins, levels of proteins in the NO/cGMP signaling pathway, down-regulation of the matrix proteins osteopontin and thrombospondin-1 to limit smooth muscle cell migration and phenotype. Regulates vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) functions in platelets and smooth muscle.
Prkg1
12
2.7.11.12
131756
111
19896
cGMP-dependent protein kinase 2
Q61410
Crucial regulator of intestinal secretion and bone growth (PubMed:8953039). Phosphorylates and activates CFTR on the plasma membrane. Plays a key role in intestinal secretion by regulating cGMP-dependent translocation of CFTR in jejunum (By similarity). Acts downstream of NMDAR to activate the plasma membrane accumulation of GRIA1/GLUR1 in synapse and increase synaptic plasticity. Phosphorylates GRIA1/GLUR1 at Ser-863 (By similarity). Acts as regulator of gene expression and activator of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases MAPK3/ERK1 AND MAPK1/ERK2 in mechanically stimulated osteoblasts. Under fluid shear stress, mediates ERK activation and subsequent induction of FOS, FOSL1/FRA1, FOSL2/FRA2 and FOSB that play a key role in the osteoblast anabolic response to mechanical stimulation (PubMed:19282289).
Prkg2
12
2.7.11.12
131757
111
19752
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1
Q9CR01
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
Gngt1
12
132662
111
19349
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1
P62874
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction (By similarity).
Gnb1
12
131710
132
131719
115
131735
362
131739
116
132663
111
132762
541
132767
556
19741
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas
Q9Z1N8
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers in numerous signaling pathways controlled by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Signaling involves the activation of adenylyl cyclases, resulting in increased levels of the signaling molecule cAMP. GNAS functions downstream of several GPCRs, including beta-adrenergic receptors. XLas isoforms interact with the same set of receptors as Gnas isoforms.
Gnas
12
132664
111
132870
362
10440
Adenylate Cyclase
12
PW_P010440
18835
16768
10441
Nitric-oxide synthase, endothelial
12
PW_P010441
18836
19874
2
11070
Soluble guanylyl cyclase
12
PW_P011070
19738
16772
1
19739
14314
1
10442
Potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily
12
PW_P010442
18837
19899
2
18838
19903
1
18839
19906
1
18840
19908
1
10443
Transient receptor potential cation channel
12
PW_P010443
18841
19878
1
18842
19884
1
18843
19885
1
18844
19886
1
10444
cGMP-dependent protein kinase
12
PW_P010444
18845
19892
1
18846
19896
1
174144
PW_R174144
Right
656324
414
1
Compound
false
656325
170
1
Compound
false
656326
41
1
Compound
false
164391
10440
174154
PW_R174154
Right
656359
10441
1
ProteinComplex
false
656360
1867
1
Compound
false
174155
PW_R174155
Right
656361
986
1
Compound
false
656362
1013
1
Compound
false
164396
11070
9379
PW_T009379
9650
353
3
Compound
114
111
Right
1150
10442
2018-08-21T17:19:31-06:00
2018-08-21T17:19:31-06:00
362
1051
Activation
PW_I001051
2101
353
Compound
3
2102
10441
ProteinComplex
1
1359
Activation
PW_I001359
2717
1867
Compound
1
2718
11070
ProteinComplex
1
1052
Activation
PW_I001052
2103
1013
Compound
1
2104
10443
ProteinComplex
1
1295
Activation
PW_I001295
2589
41
Compound
1
2590
10443
ProteinComplex
1
1296
Activation
PW_I001296
2591
1013
Compound
1
2592
10444
ProteinComplex
1
1055
Inhibition
PW_I001055
2109
10444
ProteinComplex
1
2110
10442
ProteinComplex
1
2670489
414
111
42
false
1460
637
10
regular
50
30
2670490
170
111
45
false
1063
530
10
regular
63
43
2670491
41
111
3
false
1045
708
10
regular
100
100
2670492
423
111
9
false
1250
355
10
regular
100
25
2670493
1867
64
false
308
607
10
regular
78
78
2670494
1799
9
false
293
249
10
regular
100
25
2670495
964
9
false
293
229
10
regular
100
25
2670496
1170
9
false
293
199
10
regular
100
35
2670497
19
9
false
293
179
10
regular
100
25
2670498
986
111
54
false
194
1040
10
regular
50
30
2670499
1013
111
3
false
739
1005
10
regular
100
100
2670500
353
51
false
504
527
10
regular
78
78
2670501
353
111
51
false
544
100
10
regular
78
78
2670502
353
51
false
429
529
10
regular
78
78
2670503
353
51
false
579
529
10
regular
78
78
14041
79
200
false
1394
239
12
regular
200
130
933923
16768
111
2
false
1230
370
7
protein
regular
150
70
933924
19874
6
false
263
264
8
subunit
regular
160
80
933925
16772
111
99
false
409
880
8
protein
regular
150
70
933926
16772
111
97
false
339
825
8
protein
regular
150
70
933927
14314
111
98
false
269
885
8
protein
regular
150
70
933928
14314
111
2
false
214
830
8
protein
regular
150
70
933929
19899
77
false
443
230
8
protein
regular
160
80
933930
19903
76
false
448
305
8
protein
regular
150
70
933931
19906
76
false
563
235
8
protein
regular
150
70
933932
19908
76
false
568
305
8
protein
regular
150
70
933933
19878
99
false
1044
295
8
protein
regular
150
70
933934
19884
97
false
994
235
8
protein
regular
150
70
933935
19885
98
false
929
300
8
protein
regular
150
70
933936
19886
2
false
879
235
8
protein
regular
150
70
933937
19892
111
2
false
644
785
8
protein
regular
150
70
933938
19896
111
97
false
784
785
8
protein
regular
150
70
933939
19752
98
false
1334
329
8
gene
regular
150
70
933940
19349
97
false
1444
369
8
gene
regular
150
70
933941
19741
2
false
1554
329
8
gene
regular
150
70
797499
10440
108959
111
930213
933923
34379
2670492
3639478
Cofactor
797500
10441
108959
930214
933924
34380
2670494
3639480
Cofactor
34381
2670495
3639481
Cofactor
34382
2670496
3639482
Cofactor
34383
2670497
3639483
Cofactor
797501
11070
108959
111
930215
933925
930216
933926
930217
933927
930218
933928
797502
10442
108959
930219
933929
930220
933930
930221
933931
930222
933932
797503
10443
108959
930223
933933
930224
933934
930225
933935
930226
933936
797504
10444
108959
111
930227
933937
930228
933938
3639475
M1460 652 C1430 652 1252 653 1222 653
5
false
18
3639476
M1305 644.5 C1304 617.5 1305 481 1305 440
5
false
18
true
M 987.6135420558836 546.261556296296 L 972.6666870117188 545 L 979.0475747329045 558.5751343230784
false
3639477
M1145 758 C1175 758 1193 758 1223 758 C1223 734 1222 651 1222 551 C1203 551 1145 551.5 1126 551.5
5
false
18
true
M 987.6135420558836 546.261556296296 L 972.6666870117188 545 L 979.0475747329045 558.5751343230784
false
true
M 1064.9903810567666 455 L 1052 462.5 L 1064.9903810567666 470
false
3639478
M1205 635.25 L1205 685.25 L1255 635.25 z
10
true
18
3639479
M308 646 C278 646 507.5 261.5 477.5 261.5
5
true
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
3639480
M288 244 L288 294 L338 244 z
10
true
18
3639481
M288 224 L288 274 L338 224 z
10
true
18
3639482
M288 194 L288 244 L338 194 z
10
true
18
3639483
M288 174 L288 224 L338 174 z
10
true
18
3639484
M263 304 C233 304 227.5 304.5 211.5 304.5 C211.5 404.5 211.5 518.5 211.5 548.5 C236.5 548.5 311.5 548.5 347.5 548.5 C347.5 561.5 347 591 347 607
5
false
18
true
M 265.5 505.0096189432334 L 273 518 L 280.5 505.0096189432334
false
3639485
M244 1055 C274 1055 709 1055 739 1055
5
false
18
true
M 652.0096189432334 973.5 L 665 966 L 652.0096189432334 958.5
false
3639486
M412 1047 C412 1028 412 997 412 979
5
false
18
true
M 38.354264712133585 157.52083364004605 L 23.40740966796875 156.25927734375 L 29.788297389154593 169.83441166682834
false
3639487
M579 468 C579 443 579 433 579 415
83
false
18
true
M 497.5 366.0096189432334 L 505 379 L 512.5 366.0096189432334
false
3639488
M583 194 C583 187 583 181 583 178
83
false
18
false
false
3639489
M618 529 C618 505 618 491.5 618 470.5 C604 470.5 478 470.5 463 470.5 C463 495.5 463 502 463 524
149
false
18
3639490
M543 527 C543 496 543 482.5 543 472.5
149
false
18
false
false
3639491
M347 685 C347 715 347 736.5 347 766.5
149
false
18
3639492
M289 830 C289 800 289 798.5 289 768.5 C318 768.5 390 768.5 414 768.5 C414 787.5 414 813 414 825
149
false
18
true
M 123.53945300559062 174.55786672110074 L 108.59259796142578 173.2963104248047 L 114.97348568261162 186.87144474788303
false
true
M 332.5 708.0096189432334 L 340 721 L 347.5 708.0096189432334
false
3639493
M787 895 C787 925 789 975 789 1005
149
true
18
3639494
M1037 420 C1037 446 1037 437.5 1037 461.5 C1009 461.5 961 461.5 940 461.5 C940 561.5 940 1029.5 940 1054.5 C920 1054.5 852 1055 839 1055
149
false
18
false
false
3639495
M1095 708 C1095 678 1044 571.5 1044 541.5
149
true
18
3639496
M954 305 C954 335 1044 496.5 1044 526.5
149
true
18
true
M 151.68760821799296 13.26155629629604 L 136.74075317382812 12 L 143.12164089501397 25.575134323078345
false
3639497
M789 1005 C789 975 789 944.5 789 914.5
149
false
18
3639498
M859 855 C859 885 859 883.5 859 913.5 C843 913.5 742 913.5 719 913.5 C719 906.5 719 882 719 855
149
false
18
true
M 292.4283613918211 360.4838158177804 L 277.48150634765625 359.2222595214844 L 283.8623940688421 372.7973938445627
false
true
M 652.5 778.9903810567666 L 645 766 L 637.5 778.9903810567666
false
3639499
M791 708 C791 678 790 507.5 790 477.5 C774 477.5 740 477.5 725 477.5 C725 463.5 725 449.5 725 388.5 C732 388.5 779 388.5 791 388.5 C791 367.5 791 318.5 791 305.5 C784 305.5 770 305.5 757 305.5
148
false
18
false
false
3639500
M719 785 C719 759 719 727 719 710 C735 710 843 710 859 710 C859 736 859 770 859 785
148
false
18
false
false
3639501
M523 375 C523 393 523 389 523 413 C539 413 633 413 643 413 C643 399 643 380 643 375
83
false
18
false
false
3639502
M343 344 C343 365 343 378.66666412353516 343 412.66666412353516 C370 412.66666412353516 477 412.66666412353516 504 412.66666412353516 C504 432.66666412353516 504 452.66666412353516 504 468.66666412353516
149
false
18
true
M 328.5606959636481 271.0781791536586 L 315 264.66666412353516 L 316.2278130889914 279.6163288361132
false
3639503
M1498.6666564941406 170 C1498.6666564941406 188 1499 237 1499 264
149
false
18
true
M 927.5 152.00961894323342 L 935 165 L 942.5 152.00961894323342
false
3639504
M344 955 C344 968 343.66666412353516 963 343.66666412353516 977 C357.66666412353516 977 463.66666412353516 977 483.66666412353516 977 C483.66666412353516 964 484 967 484 950
149
false
18
false
false
3639505
M879 270 C863 270 874.5 270 849.5 270 C849.5 282 849.5 319 849.5 335 C870.5 335 899 335 929 335
5
false
18
false
false
false
false
3639506
M1045 758 C1023 758 1017 758 1000 758 C1000 737 1000 608 1000 508 C1017 508 1067 508 1089 508 C1089 487 1089 447 1089 420
149
false
18
3639507
M1004 370 C1004 395 1004 393 1004 418 C1023 418 1099 418 1119 418 C1119 406 1119 387 1119 365
149
false
18
true
M 882.5 272.9903810567666 L 875 260 L 867.5 272.9903810567666
false
true
M 1052.5 283.9903810567666 L 1045 271 L 1037.5 283.9903810567666
false
3639508
M851 304 C844 304 833.3333435058594 304 826.3333435058594 304 C826.3333435058594 315 826.3333435058594 401 826.3333435058594 414
5
false
18
true
M 713.8333435058594 287.0096189432334 L 721.3333435058594 300 L 728.8333435058594 287.0096189432334
false
3639509
M584 433 C593 433 741 433 754 433
148
false
18
false
true
M 481 296 L 481 311 L 481 326
3639510
M523 230 C523 214 523 207 523 193 C535 193 628 193 638 193 C638 214 638 232 638 235
83
false
18
true
M 561.5 123.00961894323342 L 569 136 L 576.5 123.00961894323342
false
true
M 441.5 113.00961894323342 L 449 126 L 456.5 113.00961894323342
false
3639511
M713 270 C734 270 738 270 755 270 C755 292 755 327 755 340 C746 340 727 340 718 340
148
false
18
false
true
M 639 166 L 639 181 L 639 196
false
true
M 644 236 L 644 251 L 644 266
794958
108959
174144
111
3216290
2670489
3639475
Left
3216291
2670490
3639476
Right
3216292
2670491
3639477
Right
751284
164391
797499
794959
108959
174154
3216293
2670493
3639479
Right
17163
797500
3639484
Left
794960
108959
174155
111
3216294
2670498
3639485
Left
3216295
2670499
3639486
Right
751285
164396
797501
77290
9379
108959
155263
2670500
3639487
Left
155264
2670501
3639488
Right
24217
797502
1150
5729
1051
108959
1509
2670500
3639489
Left
6422
797500
3639490
Right
5730
1359
108959
111
1510
2670493
3639491
Left
6423
797501
3639492
Right
5731
1052
108959
1511
2670499
3639493
Left
6424
797503
3639494
Right
5732
1295
108959
1512
2670491
3639495
Left
6425
797503
3639496
Right
5733
1296
108959
111
1513
2670499
3639497
Left
6426
797504
3639498
Right
5734
1055
108959
6427
797504
3639499
Left
6428
797502
3639500
Right
2742
2670502
2743
2670503
67336
3639501
67337
3639502
67338
3639503
67339
3639504
67340
3639505
67341
3639506
67342
3639507
67343
3639508
67344
3639509
67345
3639510
67346
3639511
355
14041
3729
933939
3730
933940
3731
933941
368930
M125 401 C125 351 175 301 225 301 C675 301 1260 301 1710 301 C1760 301 1810 351 1810 401 C1810 602 1810 862 1810 1063 C1810 1113 1760 1163 1710 1163 C1260 1163 675 1163 225 1163 C175 1163 125 1113 125 1063 C125 862 125 602 125 401
1
true
6
1685.0
862.0
448362
15
Agonist
1414
119
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
448363
15
Membrane potential
747
394
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
448364
15
Receptor-activated calcium channel
644
184
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
448365
15
Store-operated calcium channel
644
149
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
448366
15
Cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channel
921
184
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
448367
15
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel
918
139
20
1.0
1.0
160
15