109137
Pathway
Activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important processes for cellular regulation and signal transduction in eukaryotic cells.
Unlike cell cycle-dependent protein kinase 2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase, the catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) normally is assembled as an active enzyme with a fully phosphorylated activation loop.
Protein
PW109243
Center
PathwayVisualizationContext109519
1512
2136
#000099
PathwayVisualization109000
109137
Activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important processes for cellular regulation and signal transduction in eukaryotic cells.
Unlike cell cycle-dependent protein kinase 2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase, the catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) normally is assembled as an active enzyme with a fully phosphorylated activation loop.
Protein
5
109227
PKA Regulated Pathways
SubPathway
1
Cell
CL:0000000
3
Neuron
CL:0000540
2
Platelet
CL:0000233
5
Hepatocyte
CL:0000182
4
Cardiomyocyte
CL:0000746
7
Epithelial Cell
CL:0000066
8
Beta cell
CL:0000639
1
Homo sapiens
9606
Eukaryote
Human
3
Escherichia coli
562
Prokaryote
24
Solanum lycopersicum
4081
Eukaryote
Tomato
18
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
4932
Eukaryote
Yeast
21
Xenopus laevis
8355
Eukaryote
African clawed frog
4
Arabidopsis thaliana
3702
Eukaryote
Thale cress
12
Mus musculus
10090
Eukaryote
Mouse
49
Bathymodiolus platifrons
220390
Eukaryote
Deep sea mussel
60
Nitzschia sp.
0001
Eukaryote
Nitzschia4
5
Bos taurus
9913
Eukaryote
Cattle
17
Rattus norvegicus
10116
Eukaryote
Rat
10
Drosophila melanogaster
7227
Eukaryote
Fruit fly
6
Caenorhabditis elegans
6239
Eukaryote
Roundworm
2
Bacteria
2
Prokaryote
Bacteria
19
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
4896
Eukaryote
29
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c)
559292
Eukaryote
Baker's yeast
25
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
83333
Prokaryote
23
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
287
Prokaryote
51
Picea sitchensis
3332
Eukaryote
Sitka spruce
5
Cytoplasm
GO:0005737
3
Mitochondrial Matrix
GO:0005759
10
Cell Membrane
GO:0005886
1
Cytosol
GO:0005829
35
Chloroplast
GO:0009507
4
Peroxisome
GO:0005777
13
Endoplasmic Reticulum
GO:0005783
14
Mitochondrial Outer Membrane
GO:0005741
2
Mitochondrion
GO:0005739
7
Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane
GO:0005789
25
Golgi apparatus
GO:0005794
27
Peroxisome Membrane
GO:0005778
15
Nucleus
GO:0005634
26
Golgi apparatus membrane
GO:0000139
11
Extracellular Space
GO:0005615
12
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
GO:0005743
19
sarcoplasmic reticulum
GO:0016529
31
Periplasmic Space
GO:0005620
34
Plant-Type Vacuole
GO:0000325
32
Inner Membrane
GO:0070258
24
Brain
BTO:0000142
89
16
2
Endothelium
BTO:0000393
1
Liver
BTO:0000759
72
9
7
Nervous System
BTO:0001484
5
cardiocyte
BTO:0001539
8
Blood Vessel
BTO:0001102
74
11
25
Intestine
BTO:0000648
18
Pancreas
BTO:0000988
8
5
1
1
PW_BS000008
4
3
1
1
PW_BS000004
14
10
1
PW_BS000014
2
1
1
1
PW_BS000002
73
10
1
3
PW_BS000073
85
24
10
1
1
PW_BS000085
103
3
3
1
PW_BS000103
155
3
24
1
PW_BS000155
161
3
18
1
PW_BS000161
178
3
21
1
PW_BS000178
222
3
4
1
PW_BS000024
115
10
12
PW_BS000115
211
10
18
PW_BS000024
198
5
18
1
PW_BS000024
290
5
49
1
PW_BS000024
151
1
4
1
PW_BS000151
1
1
PW_BS000001
133
3
12
1
PW_BS000133
111
5
12
1
PW_BS000111
132
1
12
1
PW_BS000132
368
3
60
1
PW_BS000028
308
10
1
1
PW_BS000024
164
4
PW_BS000164
253
5
4
1
PW_BS000024
406
3
5
1
PW_BS000115
122
5
5
1
PW_BS000122
124
1
5
1
PW_BS000124
405
10
5
PW_BS000115
120
3
17
1
PW_BS000120
135
5
17
1
PW_BS000135
118
1
17
1
PW_BS000118
376
10
17
PW_BS000053
479
3
10
1
PW_BS000115
297
5
10
1
PW_BS000024
501
3
6
1
PW_BS000115
205
5
6
1
PW_BS000024
225
35
4
1
PW_BS000024
299
1
10
1
PW_BS000024
388
1
6
1
PW_BS000112
16
2
1
2
PW_BS000016
26
1
1
1
5
PW_BS000026
5
4
1
1
PW_BS000005
18
13
1
1
PW_BS000018
22
14
1
1
PW_BS000022
39
7
1
1
3
PW_BS000039
3
2
1
1
PW_BS000003
21
5
1
1
4
PW_BS000021
46
1
1
4
PW_BS000046
49
7
1
1
PW_BS000049
43
25
1
1
PW_BS000043
10
1
7
1
1
PW_BS000010
59
27
1
1
PW_BS000059
23
15
1
1
PW_BS000023
29
1
1
1
PW_BS000029
7
1
1
PW_BS000007
31
1
5
1
1
PW_BS000031
91
8
5
1
1
PW_BS000091
54
1
3
1
5
PW_BS000054
56
26
1
1
PW_BS000056
104
14
3
1
PW_BS000104
112
2
12
1
PW_BS000112
147
1
24
1
PW_BS000147
166
1
1
PW_BS000166
160
1
18
1
PW_BS000160
199
14
18
1
PW_BS000024
206
2
6
1
PW_BS000024
213
7
18
1
PW_BS000024
214
25
18
1
PW_BS000024
216
4
18
1
PW_BS000024
210
13
18
1
PW_BS000024
249
13
4
1
PW_BS000024
288
14
4
1
PW_BS000024
226
4
4
1
PW_BS000024
285
10
4
1
PW_BS000024
329
14
12
1
PW_BS000028
336
1
12
1
PW_BS000028
334
4
12
1
PW_BS000028
335
27
12
1
PW_BS000028
331
7
12
1
PW_BS000028
356
25
12
1
PW_BS000028
130
13
12
1
PW_BS000130
184
1
2
1
PW_BS000024
372
10
2
PW_BS000028
15
11
1
PW_BS000015
51
8
1
PW_BS000051
383
7
5
1
PW_BS000100
27
15
1
PW_BS000027
223
12
4
1
PW_BS000024
390
7
6
1
PW_BS000112
398
7
17
1
PW_BS000113
382
14
5
1
PW_BS000100
407
2
5
1
PW_BS000115
408
4
5
1
PW_BS000115
429
1
5
1
PW_BS000115
419
25
5
1
PW_BS000115
125
13
5
1
PW_BS000125
422
27
5
1
PW_BS000115
399
14
17
1
PW_BS000113
119
2
17
1
PW_BS000119
374
4
17
1
PW_BS000053
464
1
17
1
PW_BS000115
455
25
17
1
PW_BS000115
136
13
17
1
PW_BS000136
375
27
17
1
PW_BS000053
484
14
10
1
PW_BS000115
481
2
10
1
PW_BS000115
482
4
10
1
PW_BS000115
495
7
10
1
PW_BS000115
490
25
10
1
PW_BS000115
478
10
10
PW_BS000115
491
27
10
1
PW_BS000115
300
13
10
1
PW_BS000024
389
14
6
1
PW_BS000112
502
4
6
1
PW_BS000115
507
25
6
1
PW_BS000115
209
10
6
PW_BS000024
508
27
6
1
PW_BS000115
395
13
6
1
PW_BS000113
47
19
1
4
PW_BS000047
72
5
1
3
PW_BS000072
61
25
1
7
PW_BS000061
97
1
5
2
1
PW_BS000097
100
5
2
1
PW_BS000100
129
1
5
12
1
PW_BS000129
108
1
3
PW_BS000108
6
1
3
1
PW_BS000006
143
1
5
19
1
PW_BS000143
146
5
19
1
PW_BS000146
107
31
3
PW_BS000107
101
5
3
1
PW_BS000101
117
1
3
1
PW_BS000117
188
1
18
PW_BS000024
212
1
7
18
1
PW_BS000024
163
2
18
1
PW_BS000163
227
34
4
1
PW_BS000024
241
5
29
PW_BS000024
257
15
29
1
PW_BS000024
170
18
PW_BS000170
281
1
25
1
PW_BS000024
17
12
1
1
PW_BS000017
304
1
2
PW_BS000024
315
1
23
PW_BS000024
318
31
23
PW_BS000024
322
1
23
1
PW_BS000024
293
4
1
PW_BS000024
134
12
12
1
PW_BS000134
332
1
7
12
1
PW_BS000028
353
25
12
7
PW_BS000028
384
12
5
1
PW_BS000100
391
12
6
1
PW_BS000112
94
3
PW_BS000094
109
32
3
PW_BS000109
121
12
17
1
PW_BS000121
123
1
7
5
1
PW_BS000123
447
1
7
17
1
PW_BS000115
472
25
17
7
PW_BS000115
298
1
7
10
1
PW_BS000024
513
1
7
6
1
PW_BS000115
13
1
2
1
PW_BS000013
32
1
15
1
5
PW_BS000032
58
1
14
1
1
PW_BS000058
66
18
5
1
8
PW_BS000066
89
2
PW_BS000089
217
15
18
PW_BS000024
218
15
18
1
PW_BS000024
190
11
18
PW_BS000024
277
1
2
18
PW_BS000024
333
1
2
12
PW_BS000028
350
1
14
12
1
PW_BS000028
128
15
12
1
PW_BS000128
351
15
12
PW_BS000028
412
1
2
5
PW_BS000115
433
1
14
5
1
PW_BS000115
410
15
5
1
PW_BS000115
435
15
5
PW_BS000115
446
1
2
17
PW_BS000115
468
1
14
17
1
PW_BS000115
444
15
17
1
PW_BS000115
470
15
17
PW_BS000115
485
15
10
1
PW_BS000115
499
15
10
PW_BS000115
516
15
6
1
PW_BS000115
517
15
6
PW_BS000115
306
35
51
1
PW_BS000024
548
10
5
3
PW_BS000174
558
24
10
5
1
PW_BS000191
385
10
5
1
PW_BS000100
182
5
PW_BS000024
569
1
5
4
PW_BS000314
936
Guanosine diphosphate
HMDB0001201
Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GDP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine. GDP is the product of GTP dephosphorylation by GTPases, e.g. the G-proteins that are involved in signal transduction.
146-91-8
C00035
8977
17552
GDP-4-DEHYDRO-6-DEOXY-D-MANNOSE
8630
NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1
C10H15N5O11P2
InChI=1S/C10H15N5O11P2/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(25-9)1-24-28(22,23)26-27(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1
QGWNDRXFNXRZMB-UUOKFMHZSA-N
[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid
443.2005
443.024329371
-2.00
7
{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxyphosphonic acid
0
-3
FDB022487
5'-gdp;Gdp;Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate);Guanosine 5'-diphosphate;Guanosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Guanosine mono(trihydrogen diphosphate);Guanosine pyrophosphate;Guanosine-5'-diphosphate;Guanosine-diphosphate;Ppg;Guanosine diphosphate;Guanosine 5'-diphosphoric acid
PW_C000936
GDP
83
8
238
4
1762
14
2391
2
4154
73
5007
85
5382
103
6041
155
6101
161
6488
178
7476
222
11754
115
11771
211
11823
198
12727
290
13395
151
69322
1
77142
133
77546
111
77952
132
80023
368
80080
308
80122
164
89115
253
119983
406
120068
122
121205
124
121847
405
122766
120
122820
135
123775
118
124400
376
125363
479
125445
297
126905
501
126984
205
986
Guanosine triphosphate
HMDB0001273
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is a guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. GTP functions as a carrier of phosphates and pyrophosphates involved in channeling chemical energy into specific biosynthetic pathways. GTP activates the signal transducing G proteins which are involved in various cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and activation of several intracellular kinase cascades. Proliferation and apoptosis are regulated in part by the hydrolysis of GTP by small GTPases Ras and Rho. Another type of small GTPase, Rab, plays a role in the docking and fusion of vesicles and may also be involved in vesicle formation. In addition to its role in signal transduction, GTP also serves as an energy-rich precursor of mononucleotide units in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.
86-01-1
C00044
6830
15996
GTP
6569
NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1
C10H16N5O14P3
InChI=1S/C10H16N5O14P3/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(27-9)1-26-31(22,23)29-32(24,25)28-30(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H,24,25)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1
XKMLYUALXHKNFT-UUOKFMHZSA-N
({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid
523.1804
522.990659781
-1.70
8
triphosphate, guanosine
0
-3
FDB022527
5'-gtp;Gtg;Gtp;Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate);Guanosine 5'-triphosphate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphorate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Guanosine triphosphate;Guanosine mono(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) (ester);H4gtp;Guanosine-5'-triphosphate
PW_C000986
GTP
81
8
240
4
1939
2
4091
14
4153
73
5006
85
5384
103
6043
155
6103
161
6490
178
7478
222
11753
115
11769
198
11981
151
12725
290
69327
1
76962
225
77144
133
77544
111
77951
132
80025
368
80088
308
80121
164
89113
253
119985
406
120066
122
121204
124
122768
120
122818
135
123774
118
125365
479
125443
297
126480
299
126907
501
126982
205
128051
388
423
Magnesium
HMDB0000547
Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.
22537-22-0
C00305
888
18420
13-HYDROXY-MAGNESIUM-PROTOPORP
865
DB01378
[Mg++]
Mg
InChI=1S/Mg/q+2
JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
magnesium(2+) ion
24.305
23.985041898
0
magnesium(2+) ion
2
2
FDB003518
Magnesium;Magnesium ions;Magnesium ion;Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion;Magnesium, ion (mg(2+));Mg(2+);Mg2+
PW_C000423
Mg2+
86
8
227
4
268
16
476
2
727
26
811
5
819
18
883
22
936
39
983
3
992
21
1167
46
1483
49
1529
43
1764
14
2124
10
2411
59
2942
23
3126
29
3373
7
4540
31
4774
91
4869
54
4974
56
5253
104
5329
111
5356
112
5376
103
5906
147
5934
151
6038
155
6094
161
6250
166
6484
178
6594
164
6881
160
6979
199
7170
205
7194
206
7227
213
7233
211
7250
214
7310
216
7313
198
7473
222
11763
132
11843
210
12312
225
12324
249
12513
288
12581
226
12729
290
15275
285
15337
308
77137
133
77236
329
77937
336
78393
334
78417
335
78489
115
78522
331
78536
356
78574
130
80020
368
80045
184
80048
372
80623
118
80654
135
80865
15
80965
253
81841
51
93832
383
94900
27
108596
223
110559
390
115687
398
119974
406
120070
122
120247
382
120702
407
120981
408
121181
124
121265
429
121319
419
121924
125
122086
405
122408
422
122759
120
122921
399
123307
119
123546
374
123835
464
123889
455
124477
136
124637
376
124978
375
125447
297
125598
484
125669
479
125777
481
125921
482
125947
299
125973
495
126000
490
126243
478
126553
491
126753
300
127125
389
127164
501
127380
502
127407
388
127451
507
127804
209
128125
508
128347
395
1104
Phosphate
HMDB0001429
Phosphate is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry, biogeochemistry and ecology. Phosphate (Pi) is an essential component of life. In biological systems, phosphorus is found as a free phosphate ion in solution and is called inorganic phosphate, to distinguish it from phosphates bound in various phosphate esters. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted Pi and at physiological (neutral) pH primarily consists of a mixture of HPO<sup>2-</sup><sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sup>-</sup><sub>4</sub> ions. phosphates are most commonly found in the form of adenosine phosphates, (AMP, ADP and ATP) and in DNA and RNA and can be released by the hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. Similar reactions exist for the other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. Phosphoanhydride bonds in ADP and ATP, or other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates, contain high amounts of energy which give them their vital role in all living organisms. Phosphate must be actively transported into cells against its electrochemical gradient. In vertebrates, two unrelated families of Na+-dependent Pi transporters carry out this task. Remarkably, the two families transport different Pi species: whereas type II Na+/Pi cotransporters (SCL34) prefer divalent HPO4(2), type III Na+/Pi cotransporters (SLC20) transport monovalent H2PO4. The SCL34 family comprises both electrogenic and electroneutral members that are expressed in various epithelia and other polarized cells. Through regulated activity in apical membranes of the gut and kidney, they maintain body Pi homeostasis, and in salivary and mammary glands, liver, and testes they play a role in modulating the Pi content of luminal fluids. Phosphate levels in the blood play an important role in hormone signaling and in bone homeostasis. In classical endocrine regulation, low serum phosphate induces the renal production of the seco-steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3).This active metabolite of vitamin D acts to restore circulating mineral (i.e. phosphate and calcium) levels by increasing absorption in the intestine, reabsorption in the kidney, and mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone. Thus, chronic renal failure is associated with hyperparathyroidism, which in turn contributes to osteomalacia (softening of the bones). Another complication of chronic renal failure is hyperphosphatemia (low levels of phosphate in the blood). Hyperphosphatemia (excess levels of phosphate in the blood) is a prevalent condition in kidney dialysis patients and is associated with increased risk of mortality. Hypophosphatemia (hungry bone syndrome) has been associated to postoperative electrolyte aberrations and after parathyroidectomy. (PMID: 17581921, 11169009, 11039261, 9159312, 17625581)Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) has recently been recognized as a key mediator of phosphate homeostasis, its most notable effect being promotion of phosphate excretion. FGF-23 was discovered to be involved in diseases such as autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, X-linked hypophosphatemia, and tumor-induced osteomalacia in which phosphate wasting was coupled to inappropriately low levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. FGF-23 is regulated by dietary phosphate in humans. In particular it was found that phosphate restriction decreased FGF-23, and phosphate loading increased FGF-23.
14265-44-2
C00009
1061
18367
CPD-8587
1032
[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O
O4P
InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3
NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K
phosphoric acid
94.9714
94.95342
3
phosphoric acid
0
-2
DBMET00532
FDB022617
Nfb orthophosphate;O-phosphoric acid;Ortho-phosphate;Orthophosphate (po43-);Orthophosphate(3-);Phosphate;Phosphate (po43-);Phosphate anion(3-);Phosphate ion (po43-);Phosphate ion(3-);Phosphate trianion;Phosphate(3-);Phosphoric acid ion(3-);Pi;[po4](3-);Orthophosphate;Phosphate ion;Po4(3-);Phosphoric acid;Orthophosphoric acid;Phosphoric acid ion
PW_C001104
Pi
24
4
84
8
814
5
818
18
831
2
980
3
1763
14
1767
49
2500
10
2729
47
2737
46
3129
29
3166
72
3636
61
3851
23
4249
22
4475
31
5031
27
5158
7
5207
97
5216
100
5317
111
5351
112
5381
103
5447
120
5543
129
5573
133
5605
135
5625
108
5693
6
5848
143
5855
146
5911
147
5941
151
6040
155
6100
161
6294
107
6487
178
6691
101
6714
117
6842
188
6889
160
7161
205
7189
206
7212
211
7306
198
7389
210
7402
212
7436
163
7475
222
8196
225
8258
227
10118
241
10134
257
11748
132
11761
115
11773
213
11904
170
11927
164
12014
281
12728
290
13263
223
34819
17
42255
304
42350
315
42435
318
43692
322
77018
253
77194
293
77217
134
77940
336
77966
130
78048
332
78057
329
78245
353
78669
331
80022
368
89279
308
93831
383
94796
384
110558
390
110640
391
113235
94
115845
398
116206
109
119982
406
120069
122
120699
407
121057
124
121216
125
121268
429
121352
121
121409
123
121423
382
121852
405
123304
119
123621
118
123786
136
123838
464
123968
447
123981
399
124405
376
124948
472
125362
479
125446
297
125774
481
125954
299
126221
478
126594
300
126604
298
126723
484
126904
501
127413
388
127783
209
128166
395
128177
513
128315
389
414
Adenosine triphosphate
HMDB0000538
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
56-65-5
C00002
5957
15422
ATP
5742
DB00171
NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
C10H16N5O13P3
InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N
({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid
507.181
506.995745159
-2.05
7
adenosine triphosphate
0
-3
FDB021813
5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acid
PW_C000414
ATP
9
2
21
4
60
8
266
16
414
22
478
13
733
32
799
5
934
39
976
3
2105
18
2112
10
2146
49
2156
14
2160
58
2405
59
2434
27
2726
46
2812
29
3029
66
3163
72
3616
61
3617
51
4399
23
4474
31
4768
91
4864
54
5032
89
5035
26
5155
7
5205
97
5215
100
5250
104
5291
101
5313
111
5346
112
5390
103
5406
117
5430
118
5443
120
5542
129
5556
132
5569
133
5603
135
5621
108
5846
143
5854
146
5876
107
5897
147
5924
151
6048
155
6109
161
6230
166
6493
178
6839
188
6870
160
6976
199
7157
205
7184
206
7209
210
7225
213
7229
211
7298
198
7302
216
7390
217
7408
218
7432
163
7481
222
7499
190
8186
225
11847
277
11903
170
12010
281
12039
164
12178
285
12578
226
12691
290
13264
223
15327
308
42326
315
42621
322
42694
318
77028
253
77218
134
77233
329
77468
333
77632
336
78037
332
78041
350
78168
128
78214
351
78240
353
78411
335
78494
115
78850
130
78865
331
78919
334
80028
368
80046
184
80674
119
85629
1
94826
124
113234
94
113282
388
116280
109
119914
122
119992
406
120154
407
120245
382
120362
412
121246
429
121392
123
121397
433
121471
408
121974
410
122065
125
122079
383
122083
405
122402
422
122444
435
122919
399
123009
446
123816
464
123951
447
123956
468
124029
374
124527
444
124616
136
124630
398
124634
376
124943
472
124972
375
125011
470
125304
297
125371
479
125392
299
125515
481
125595
484
126123
485
126220
300
126234
495
126240
478
126547
491
126596
499
126913
501
127123
389
127731
516
127781
395
127796
390
127801
209
128119
508
128167
517
170
Pyrophosphate
HMDB0000250
The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout.
14000-31-8
C00013
644102
18361
PPI
559142
DB04160
[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O
O7P2
InChI=1S/H4O7P2/c1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)/p-4
XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J
(phosphonooxy)phosphonic acid
173.9433
173.911925378
4
pyrophosphoric acid
0
-3
FDB021918
(4-)diphosphoric acid ion;(p2o74-)diphosphate;Diphosphate;Diphosphoric acid;Ppi;Pyrometaphosphate;Pyrophosphate;Pyrophosphate tetraanion;Pyrophosphate(4-) ion;[o3popo3](4-);Diphosphat;P2o7(4-);Pyrophosphat;Pyrophosphate ion;Phosphonato phosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid ion
PW_C000170
Ppi
12
2
35
4
63
8
429
23
735
32
882
22
1217
3
1620
49
2410
59
2815
29
4175
14
4868
54
5034
89
5252
104
5294
101
5409
117
5424
103
5433
118
5458
120
5548
111
5559
132
5584
133
5606
135
5655
108
5879
107
6239
166
6978
199
7073
188
7134
163
7272
160
7312
198
7318
213
8275
151
8283
210
11869
161
12002
222
12041
164
12315
225
12323
249
12512
288
12579
226
12695
290
15219
306
15375
18
34760
17
42561
315
42697
318
77235
329
77317
128
77635
336
78416
335
78928
331
79153
112
79950
134
79958
130
80047
372
80417
170
85630
1
94786
384
94814
125
94819
382
98678
223
110634
391
113270
395
113275
389
115527
136
115532
399
119934
122
120017
124
120032
406
120330
410
120936
407
121261
429
121341
121
121486
383
122407
422
122985
444
123502
119
123831
464
124044
398
124977
375
125324
297
125395
299
125410
479
125597
484
125656
485
125876
481
126552
491
126869
205
126935
388
126950
501
127337
206
128124
508
41
cAMP
HMDB0000058
cAMP or cyclic AMP is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase.
60-92-4
C00575
6076
17489
CAMP
5851
DB02527
NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@@H]2COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2[C@H]1O
C10H12N5O6P
InChI=1S/C10H12N5O6P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(16)7-4(20-10)1-19-22(17,18)21-7/h2-4,6-7,10,16H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUSA-N
(4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-hexahydro-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one
329.2059
329.052519653
-1.96
3
(4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-tetrahydro-4H-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one
0
-1
FDB001497
Cyclic AMP;3'5'-cyclic amp;6-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro-4h-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2,7-diol 2-oxide;Acrasin;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate;Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphorate;Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid;Adenosine cyclic monophosphate;Adenosine cyclic-monophosphate;Adenosine-cyclic-phosphate;Adenosine-cyclic-phosphoric-acid;Cyclic 3',5'-amp;Cyclic 3',5'-adenylate;Cyclic 3',5'-adenylic acid;Cyclic amp;Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-phosphate;Camp;Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate;Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate;Cyclic adenylic acid;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphoric acid;Adenosine 3',5'-phosphoric acid;Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphoric acid;Cyclic adenylate
PW_C000041
cAMP
267
16
475
2
935
39
1000
21
1916
8
4174
14
11830
198
78709
111
80044
184
121904
122
124457
135
79
G protein-coupled receptor
Compound
ProteinComplex
PW_EC000079
GPCR
19341
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms short
Q3SZE7
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers in numerous signaling pathways controlled by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Signaling involves the activation of adenylyl cyclases, resulting in increased levels of the signaling molecule cAMP (PubMed:2022671, PubMed:9395396, PubMed:11087399, PubMed:15591060, PubMed:16766715, PubMed:19243146). GNAS functions downstream of several GPCRs, including beta-adrenergic receptors. Stimulates the Ras signaling pathway via RAPGEF2 (By similarity).
GNAS
5
131826
405
131828
124
132633
122
132925
548
132930
558
133006
385
19753
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1
P02698
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
GNGT1
5
132634
122
19350
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1
Q3MHF1
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
GNB1
5
131830
124
131839
405
131854
385
131858
182
132635
122
132924
548
132929
558
16769
Adenylate cyclase 10
E1B9W6
ADCY10
5
131873
122
19755
cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha
P00517
Phosphorylates a large number of substrates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Regulates the abundance of compartmentalized pools of its regulatory subunits through phosphorylation of PJA2 which binds and ubiquitinates these subunits, leading to their subsequent proteolysis. Phosphorylates CDC25B, ABL1, NFKB1, CLDN3, PSMC5/RPT6, PJA2, RYR2, RORA and VASP. RORA is activated by phosphorylation. Required for glucose-mediated adipogenic differentiation increase and osteogenic differentiation inhibition from osteoblasts. Involved in the regulation of platelets in response to thrombin and collagen; maintains circulating platelets in a resting state by phosphorylating proteins in numerous platelet inhibitory pathways when in complex with NF-kappa-B (NFKB1 and NFKB2) and I-kappa-B-alpha (NFKBIA), but thrombin and collagen disrupt these complexes and free active PRKACA stimulates platelets and leads to platelet aggregation by phosphorylating VASP. Prevents the antiproliferative and anti-invasive effects of alpha-difluoromethylornithine in breast cancer cells when activated. RYR2 channel activity is potentiated by phosphorylation in presence of luminal Ca(2+), leading to reduced amplitude and increased frequency of store overload-induced Ca(2+) release (SOICR) characterized by an increased rate of Ca(2+) release and propagation velocity of spontaneous Ca(2+) waves, despite reduced wave amplitude and resting cytosolic Ca(2+). PSMC5/RPT6 activation by phosphorylation stimulates proteasome. Negatively regulates tight junctions (TJs) in ovarian cancer cells via CLDN3 phosphorylation. NFKB1 phosphorylation promotes NF-kappa-B p50-p50 DNA binding. Involved in embryonic development by down-regulating the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway that determines embryo pattern formation and morphogenesis. Prevents meiosis resumption in prophase-arrested oocytes via CDC25B inactivation by phosphorylation. May also regulate rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) (By similarity). Phosphorylates APOBEC3G and AICDA (By similarity). Phosphorylates HSF1; this phosphorylation promotes HSF1 nuclear localization and transcriptional activity upon heat shock (By similarity).
PRKACA
5
2.7.11.11
132649
122
134134
569
19358
cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta
P24256
Mediates cAMP-dependent signaling triggered by receptor binding to GPCRs. PKA activation regulates diverse cellular processes such as cell proliferation, the cell cycle, and differentiation and regulation of microtubule dynamics, chromatin condensation and decondensation, nuclear envelope disassembly and reassembly, as well as regulation of intracellular transport mechanisms and ion flux. Regulates the abundance of compartmentalized pools of its regulatory subunits through phosphorylation of PJA2 which binds and ubiquitinates these subunits, leading to their subsequent proteolysis. Phosphorylates GPKOW which regulates its ability to bind RNA.
PRKACB
5
2.7.11.11
131824
124
132650
122
132921
410
132960
405
19759
cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit
Q17QP8
Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells.
PRKAR1A
5
132648
122
134135
569
20105
Protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory, type I, beta
Q17QF5
PRKAR1B
5
132647
122
19765
cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit
P31322
Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells. Type II regulatory chains mediate membrane association by binding to anchoring proteins, including the MAP2 kinase.
PRKAR2B
5
132646
122
19769
cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit
P00515
Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells. Type II regulatory chains mediate membrane association by binding to anchoring proteins, including the MAP2 kinase (By similarity).
PRKAR2A
5
132645
122
10493
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-beta-gamma
5
PW_P010493
18920
19341
1
18921
19753
1
18922
19350
1
11005
Gαs
5
PW_P011003
19592
19341
10535
Adenylate Cyclase
5
PW_P010535
18970
16769
11041
Protein kinase A
5
PW_P011023
19676
19755
1
19677
19358
1
19678
19759
1
19679
20105
1
19680
19765
1
19681
19769
1
11043
Protein kinase A regulatory subunit
5
PW_P011043
19684
19769
1
19685
19765
1
19686
20105
1
19687
19759
1
58
19769
41
59
19765
41
60
20105
41
61
19759
41
11042
Protein kinase A catalytic subunit
5
PW_P011042
19682
19755
1
19683
19358
1
10492
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein gamma-beta
5
PW_P010492
18918
19753
1
18919
19350
1
174267
PW_R174267
Right
656768
10493
1
ProteinComplex
false
656769
936
1
Compound
false
656770
986
1
Compound
false
656771
79
1
ElementCollection
false
656772
986
1
Compound
false
656773
936
1
Compound
false
656774
11005
1
ProteinComplex
false
656775
10535
1
ProteinComplex
false
174268
PW_R174268
Right
656776
986
1
Compound
false
656777
11005
1
ProteinComplex
false
656778
1104
1
Compound
false
656779
936
1
Compound
false
656780
11005
1
ProteinComplex
false
174269
PW_R174269
Right
656781
414
1
Compound
false
656782
170
1
Compound
false
656783
41
1
Compound
false
164472
10535
174270
PW_R174270
Both
656784
11041
1
ProteinComplex
false
656785
41
4
Compound
false
656786
11043
2
ProteinComplex
false
656787
11042
2
ProteinComplex
false
1350
Activation
PW_I001350
2699
10493
ProteinComplex
1
2700
10492
ProteinComplex
1
1351
Activation
PW_I001351
2701
11005
ProteinComplex
1
2702
10493
ProteinComplex
1
2670930
936
122
53
false
166
456
10
regular
50
30
2670931
986
122
54
false
516
431
10
regular
50
30
2670932
986
122
54
false
941
339
10
regular
50
30
2670933
936
122
53
false
751
434
10
regular
50
30
2670934
423
122
9
false
901
259
10
regular
100
25
2670935
1104
122
46
false
1034
819
10
regular
44
43
2670936
936
122
53
false
706
892
10
regular
50
30
2670937
414
122
42
false
1276
396
10
regular
50
30
2670938
170
122
45
false
1174
739
10
regular
63
43
2670939
41
122
3
false
1341
707
10
regular
100
100
2670940
41
122
9
false
1282
889
10
regular
100
25
2670941
41
122
9
false
1877
1177
10
regular
100
25
2670942
41
122
9
false
1857
1197
10
regular
100
25
2670943
41
122
9
false
1762
1147
10
regular
100
25
2670944
41
122
9
false
1782
1122
10
regular
100
25
2670945
41
9
false
1281
1255
10
regular
100
25
2670946
41
9
false
1361
1255
10
regular
100
25
2670947
41
9
false
1306
1230
10
regular
100
25
2670948
41
9
false
1381
1230
10
regular
100
25
2670949
41
9
false
1306
865
10
regular
100
25
2670950
41
9
false
1361
890
10
regular
100
25
2670951
41
9
false
1386
865
10
regular
100
25
14169
79
200
122
false
236
246
12
regular
200
130
934525
19341
122
2
false
161
336
8
gene
regular
150
70
934526
19753
122
98
false
396
336
8
gene
regular
150
70
934527
19350
122
97
false
286
361
8
gene
regular
150
70
934528
19341
122
2
false
806
329
8
gene
regular
150
70
934529
16769
122
76
false
876
274
8
protein
regular
150
70
934530
19341
122
2
false
821
872
8
gene
regular
150
70
934531
19755
122
2
false
1012
959
8
protein
regular
150
70
934532
19358
122
97
false
982
1009
8
protein
regular
150
70
934533
19759
122
2
true
772
914
8
subunit
regular
150
70
934534
19755
122
98
false
1012
1059
8
protein
regular
150
70
934535
20105
122
99
false
977
1109
8
protein
regular
150
70
934536
19765
122
2
true
772
1094
8
subunit
regular
150
70
934537
19769
122
2
true
772
1154
8
subunit
regular
150
70
934538
19769
122
98
false
1642
1127
8
protein
regular
150
70
934539
19765
122
2
true
1117
592
8
subunit
regular
150
70
934540
20105
122
2
true
1117
652
8
subunit
regular
150
70
934541
19759
122
99
false
1737
1172
8
protein
regular
150
70
934542
19755
122
2
false
1652
907
8
protein
regular
150
70
934543
19755
122
2
true
1162
982
8
subunit
regular
150
70
934544
19358
122
97
false
1757
952
8
protein
regular
150
70
934545
19753
122
98
false
431
736
8
gene
regular
150
70
934546
19350
122
97
false
341
711
8
gene
regular
150
70
797961
10493
109000
122
930770
934525
930771
934526
930772
934527
797962
11005
109000
122
930773
934528
797963
10535
109000
122
930774
934529
34536
2670934
3640852
Cofactor
797964
11005
109000
122
930775
934530
797965
11041
109000
122
930776
934531
930777
934532
930778
934533
930779
934534
930780
934535
930781
934536
930782
934537
797966
11043
109000
122
930783
934538
930784
934539
930785
934540
930786
934541
34537
2670941
3640864
Modification
34538
2670942
3640865
Modification
34539
2670943
3640866
Modification
34540
2670944
3640867
Modification
797967
11042
109000
122
930787
934542
930788
934543
930789
934544
797968
10492
109000
122
930790
934545
930791
934546
3640845
M216 471 C223 471 462 471 471 471 C471 436 471 415 471 406
5
false
18
3640846
M566 446 C596 446 599 446 629 446 C629 462 628 526 628 551
5
false
18
true
M 514.5 533.0096189432334 L 522 546 L 529.5 533.0096189432334
false
3640847
M966 369 C966 388 966 452 966 471 C949 471 895 471 881 471 C881 452 881 412 881 399
5
false
18
false
false
3640848
M751 449 C721 449 717 449 687 449 C687 465 687 544 687 561
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 92.26155629629604 L 11 91 L 17.380887721185843 104.57513432307834
false
3640849
M361 431 C361 442 361 461 361 470
5
false
18
3640850
M236 406 C236 423 236 450 236 471
5
false
18
3640851
M912 474 C912 496 912 523 912 555 C875 555 416 555 389 555 C389 532 389 535 389 467
5
false
18
true
M 737.0096189432334 528.5 L 750 521 L 737.0096189432334 513.5
false
3640852
M896 254 L896 304 L946 254 z
10
true
18
3640853
M876 309 C846 309 726 311 696 311
5
true
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 92.26155629629604 L 11 91 L 17.380887721185843 104.57513432307834
false
3640854
M991 354 C1021 354 1001 359 1031 359
5
true
18
3640855
M1056 819 C1056 804 1056 776 1056 754 C1042 754 956 754 941 754
5
false
18
true
M 942.5 799.0096189432334 L 950 812 L 957.5 799.0096189432334
false
3640856
M706 907 C676 907 1061 359 1031 359
5
true
18
true
M 264.94685504416486 204.26155629629605 L 250 203 L 256.38088772118584 216.57513432307834
false
3640857
M940 472 C940 491 939 731 939 754 C918 754 831 754 807 754 C807 780 807 787 807 810
5
false
18
3640858
M896 872 C896 844 896 831 896 810 C883 810 746 810 731 810 C731 833 731 874 731 892
5
false
18
true
M 264.94685504416486 204.26155629629605 L 250 203 L 256.38088772118584 216.57513432307834
false
true
M 617.5 872.0096189432334 L 625 885 L 632.5 872.0096189432334
false
3640859
M1301 426 C1301 460 1301 587 1301 624
5
false
18
3640860
M1293 503.5 C1263 503.5 1133 503 1103 503 C1103 479 1102 409 1102 309 C1087 309 1044 309 1026 309
5
false
18
true
M 486.94685504416486 93.59489217276088 L 472 92.33333587646484 L 478.38088772118584 105.90847019954319
false
3640861
M1391 707 C1391 678 1392 639 1392 625 C1378 625 1228 624 1206 624 C1206 649 1205.5 723 1205.5 739
5
false
18
true
M 486.94685504416486 93.59489217276088 L 472 92.33333587646484 L 478.38088772118584 105.90847019954319
false
true
M 1112 719.0096189432334 L 1119.5 732 L 1127 719.0096189432334
false
3640862
M1162 994 C1192 994 1195 994 1225 994 C1225 1094 1225 1121 1225 1144 C1198 1144 1152 1144 1127 1144
5
false
18
false
false
3640863
M1652 942 C1624 942 1621 942 1600 942 C1600 958 1600 972 1600 986 C1620 986 1738 987 1757 987
5
false
18
false
false
3640864
M1512 817 L1512 867 L1562 817 z
10
true
18
3640865
M1512 907 L1512 957 L1562 907 z
10
true
18
3640866
M1857 1177 L1857 1227 L1907 1177 z
10
false
18
3640867
M1762 1122 L1762 1172 L1812 1122 z
10
false
18
3640868
M1737 1207 C1707 1207 1630 1207 1600 1207 C1600 1201 1600 1173 1600 1162 C1617 1162 1624 1162 1642 1162
5
false
18
false
false
3640869
M1598 964 C1586 964 1571 964 1552 964 C1552 1064 1552 1164 1552 1184 C1566 1184 1581 1184 1599 1184
5
false
18
false
false
3640870
M416 711 C416 690 416 703 416 679 C442 679 487 679 506 679 C506 698 506 719 506 736
149
false
18
3640871
M657 562 C657 582 657 594 657 611 C631 611 486 611 472 611 C472 636 472 649 472 671
149
false
18
false
false
true
M 358.5 657.0096189432334 L 366 670 L 373.5 657.0096189432334
false
3640872
M731 922 C731 947 731 979 731 1004 C754 1004 869 1004 896 1004 C896 981 896 965 896 942
149
false
18
3640873
M291 476 C291 497 290 1028 290 1055 C335 1055 794 1055 824 1055 C824 1032 824 1044 824 1006
149
false
18
true
M 68.28018710593241 338.92821279043665 L 53.33333206176758 337.6666564941406 L 59.71421978295342 351.24179081721894
false
3640874
M1812 616 C1838 616 1917.6666870117188 616.3333129882812 1944.6666870117188 616.3333129882812 C1944.6666870117188 716.3333129882812 1943.6666870117188 1005.3333129882812 1943.6666870117188 1044.3333129882812
5
false
18
true
M 1618.5 871.9903810567666 L 1611 859 L 1603.5 871.9903810567666
false
3640875
M341 150.33333587646484 C341 176.33333587646484 341 239 341 267
149
false
18
true
M 83.06440098298674 138.94485397057176 L 98 140.33333587646484 L 91.73466109469183 126.70448675404693
false
3640876
M352 478.6666564941406 C352 499.6666564941406 352 582.6666564941406 352 611.6666564941406 C370 611.6666564941406 430 611.6666564941406 448 611.6666564941406 C448 633.6666564941406 448 655.6666564941406 448 677.6666564941406
149
false
18
true
M 253.5 478.6570375509072 L 246 465.6666564941406 L 238.5 478.6570375509072
false
3640877
M1391.3333129882812 915.3333129882812 C1391.3333129882812 943.3333129882812 1391.3333129882812 992.3333129882812 1391.3333129882812 1017.3333129882812
5
false
18
true
M 1275.8333129882812 997.3429319315146 L 1283.3333129882812 1010.3333129882812 L 1290.8333129882812 997.3429319315146
false
3640878
M1227.3333129882812 1025.3333129882812 C1242.3333129882812 1025.3333129882812 1526.3333129882812 1025.3333129882812 1544.3333129882812 1025.3333129882812
5
false
18
true
M 1425.3429319315146 1022.8333129882812 L 1438.3333129882812 1015.3333129882812 L 1425.3429319315146 1007.8333129882812
false
3640879
M1390.3333129882812 1112.3333129882812 C1390.3333129882812 1136.3333129882812 1390.3333129882812 1202.3333129882812 1390.3333129882812 1229.3333129882812
5
false
18
true
M 1291.8333129882812 1113.323694045048 L 1284.3333129882812 1100.3333129882812 L 1276.8333129882812 1113.323694045048
false
3640880
M1232.3333129882812 1104.3333129882812 C1257.3333129882812 1104.3333129882812 1529.3333129882812 1104.3333129882812 1550.3333129882812 1104.3333129882812
5
false
18
true
M 1133.323694045048 1088.8333129882812 L 1120.3333129882812 1096.3333129882812 L 1133.323694045048 1103.8333129882812
false
3640881
M1391 807 C1391 826 1390.6666870117188 844.6666870117188 1390.6666870117188 864.6666870117188
5
false
18
795137
109000
174267
122
3216491
2670930
3640845
Left
3216492
2670931
3640846
Left
3216493
2670932
3640847
Right
3216494
2670933
3640848
Right
13449
14169
3640849
Left
17523
797961
3640850
Left
17524
797962
3640851
Right
17525
797963
3640853
Right
795138
109000
174268
122
3216495
2670932
3640854
Left
3216496
2670935
3640855
Right
3216497
2670936
3640856
Right
17526
797962
3640857
Left
17527
797964
3640858
Right
795139
109000
174269
122
3216498
2670937
3640859
Left
3216499
2670938
3640860
Right
3216500
2670939
3640861
Right
751424
164472
797963
795140
109000
174270
122
3216501
2670940
3640862
Left
17528
797965
3640863
Left
17529
797966
3640868
Right
17530
797967
3640869
Right
5883
1350
109000
122
6526
797961
3640870
Left
6527
797968
3640871
Right
5884
1351
109000
122
6528
797964
3640872
Left
6529
797961
3640873
Right
108864
109227
109000
217
false
1662
581
16
regular
2780
2670945
2781
2670946
2782
2670947
2783
2670948
2784
2670949
2785
2670950
2786
2670951
67436
3640874
67437
3640875
67438
3640876
67439
3640877
67440
3640878
67441
3640879
67442
3640880
67443
3640881
368963
M125 407 C125 357 175 307 225 307 C736 307 1400 307 1911 307 C1961 307 2011 357 2011 407 C2011 666 2011 1003 2011 1262 C2011 1312 1961 1362 1911 1362 C1400 1362 736 1362 225 1362 C175 1362 125 1312 125 1262 C125 1003 125 666 125 407
1
true
6
1886.0
1055.0
448560
15
Active PKA
1692
1031
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
448561
15
Hormone
256
100
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
448562
15
Inactive PKA
1007
891
20
1.0
1.0
160
15