114937PathwayZeatin BiosynthesisZeatin encourages lateral bud growth, resulting in bushier plants. It stimulates cell division when sprayed on meristems. Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis produces dimethylallyl diphosphate which, with different reactants, can result in different products with a byproduct of diphosphate. When reacted with tRNA adenine via tRNA dimethylallyltransferase, it results in the formation of tRNA containing 6-isopentenyl adenosine. When reacted via adenylate isopentenyltransferase 1, chloroplastic with either ATP, ADP, or AMP, it results in the formation of the corresponding isopentenyl, which in turn reacts with oxygen and reduced NADPH hemoprotein reductase via cytokinin hydroxylase, resulting in the formation of trans-zeatin riboside with the corresponding phosphates and byproducts of water and oxidized NADPH hemoprotein reductase.MetabolicPW124096CenterPathwayVisualizationContext12437221002350#000099PathwayVisualization114800114937Zeatin BiosynthesisZeatin encourages lateral bud growth, resulting in bushier plants. It stimulates cell division when sprayed on meristems. Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis produces dimethylallyl diphosphate which, with different reactants, can result in different products with a byproduct of diphosphate. When reacted with tRNA adenine via tRNA dimethylallyltransferase, it results in the formation of tRNA containing 6-isopentenyl adenosine. When reacted via adenylate isopentenyltransferase 1, chloroplastic with either ATP, ADP, or AMP, it results in the formation of the corresponding isopentenyl, which in turn reacts with oxygen and reduced NADPH hemoprotein reductase via cytokinin hydroxylase, resulting in the formation of trans-zeatin riboside with the corresponding phosphates and byproducts of water and oxidized NADPH hemoprotein reductase.Metabolic4113050113344SubPathway112661874Compound22533563114726522Kasahara H, Takei K, Ueda N, Hishiyama S, Yamaya T, Kamiya Y, Yamaguchi S, Sakakibara H: Distinct isoprenoid origins of cis- and trans-zeatin biosyntheses in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 2;279(14):14049-54. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M314195200. Epub 2004 Jan 15.114937Pathway33563211313355Takei K, Sakakibara H, Sugiyama T: Identification of genes encoding adenylate isopentenyltransferase, a cytokinin biosynthesis enzyme, in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jul 13;276(28):26405-10. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M102130200. Epub 2001 Apr 19.114937Pathway1CellCL:00000002Platelet CL:00002335HepatocyteCL:00001823NeuronCL:00005404CardiomyocyteCL:00007468Beta cellCL:00006397Epithelial CellCL:00000661Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia42Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote4PeroxisomeGO:000577735ChloroplastGO:00095071CytosolGO:000582934Plant-Type VacuoleGO:00003255CytoplasmGO:00057373Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575913Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578314Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:00057412MitochondrionGO:00057397Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578925Golgi ApparatusGO:000579410Cell MembraneGO:000588627Peroxisome MembraneGO:000577815NucleusGO:000563426Golgi Apparatus MembraneGO:000013911Extracellular SpaceGO:000561512Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574331Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562032Inner MembraneGO:00702586LysosomeGO:000576416Lysosomal LumenGO:004320218Melanosome MembraneGO:003316224Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575836MembraneGO:001602020Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520253Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016840PeriplasmGO:004259719Sarcoplasmic ReticulumGO:00165292Endothelium BTO:00003931LiverBTO:00007597297Nervous SystemBTO:00014845cardiocyteBTO:00015398Blood VesselBTO:0001102741118PancreasBTO:000098825IntestineBTO:00006484Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971828StomachBTO:00013071552611HeartBTO:000056273106KidneyBTO:00006717185411PW_BS0000052164181PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS000024151141PW_BS0001513344121PW_BS000028408451PW_BS0001153744171PW_BS0000532273441PW_BS0000248511PW_BS0000084311PW_BS00000416212PW_BS0000162111PW_BS000002261115PW_BS000026181311PW_BS000018221411PW_BS000022397113PW_BS0000393211PW_BS000003215114PW_BS00002146114PW_BS00004649711PW_BS000049432511PW_BS00004314101PW_BS000014101711PW_BS000010592711PW_BS000059231511PW_BS00002329111PW_BS000029711PW_BS000007311511PW_BS000031918511PW_BS000091541315PW_BS000054562611PW_BS0000561041431PW_BS0001041115121PW_BS0001111122121PW_BS000112103331PW_BS0001031471241PW_BS0001471553241PW_BS0001551613181PW_BS00016116611PW_BS0001661783211PW_BS0001781644PW_BS0001641601181PW_BS00016019914181PW_BS000024205561PW_BS000024206261PW_BS0000242137181PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS00002421425181PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS000024222341PW_BS0000241321121PW_BS00013221013181PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000242881441PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242905491PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS0000241333121PW_BS00013332914121PW_BS0000283361121PW_BS00002833527121PW_BS0000281151012PW_BS0001153317121PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS00002813013121PW_BS0001303683601PW_BS000028184121PW_BS000024372102PW_BS0000281181171PW_BS0001181355171PW_BS00013515111PW_BS000015253541PW_BS0000245181PW_BS000051383751PW_BS00010027151PW_BS0000272231241PW_BS000024390761PW_BS0001123987171PW_BS000113406351PW_BS000115122551PW_BS0001223821451PW_BS000100407251PW_BS000115124151PW_BS000124429151PW_BS0001154192551PW_BS0001151251351PW_BS000125405105PW_BS0001154222751PW_BS0001151203171PW_BS00012039914171PW_BS0001131192171PW_BS0001194641171PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS0001363761017PW_BS00005337527171PW_BS0000532975101PW_BS00002448414101PW_BS0001154793101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS0001154824101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS0000244957101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS00011549127101PW_BS00011530013101PW_BS0000243891461PW_BS000112501361PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115388161PW_BS0001125072561PW_BS000115209106PW_BS0000245082761PW_BS0001153951361PW_BS0001138911421PW_BS00055213121PW_BS0000133211515PW_BS0000325811411PW_BS0000586618518PW_BS00006672513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS000061892PW_BS000089971521PW_BS000097100521PW_BS000100101531PW_BS000101117131PW_BS00011712915121PW_BS00012910813PW_BS00010814315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146107313PW_BS000107188118PW_BS0000242171518PW_BS00002421815181PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS0001631901118PW_BS0000242771218PW_BS00002417018PW_BS0001702811251PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS00002413412121PW_BS0001343331212PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS000028350114121PW_BS00002812815121PW_BS0001283511512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002811PW_BS000001943PW_BS000094109323PW_BS000109412125PW_BS0001151231751PW_BS00012343311451PW_BS0001154101551PW_BS000115435155PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS00011544717171PW_BS000115468114171PW_BS00011544415171PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS0001154701517PW_BS00011548515101PW_BS0001154991510PW_BS0001155161561PW_BS000115517156PW_BS0001159611PW_BS0000092811611PW_BS000028204111PW_BS000020331811PW_BS0000332441011PW_BS000024422411PW_BS000042126651PW_BS00012612711651PW_BS00012715924PW_BS00015921217181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS0000242916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS00002429817101PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS000024171211PW_BS00001729341PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS0000241136121PW_BS000113337116121PW_BS00002834141121PW_BS0000281141112PW_BS00011434524121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS0000284141551PW_BS000115409115PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS00011543441051PW_BS0001154182451PW_BS0001153841251PW_BS0001004436171PW_BS000115448116171PW_BS00011545015171PW_BS0001151371117PW_BS00013745118171PW_BS000115469410171PW_BS00011545424171PW_BS00011512112171PW_BS0001214831110PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115207661PW_BS000024208116PW_BS0000245041861PW_BS00011551541061PW_BS0001155062461PW_BS0001153911261PW_BS00011260251PW_BS0000607028511PW_BS0000703612011PW_BS0000363772113PW_BS00003793252011PW_BS000093105113PW_BS000105110231PW_BS0001106131PW_BS000006140103PW_BS000140951721PW_BS0000951572241PW_BS0001571802211PW_BS00018015284PW_BS000152224241PW_BS00002416212181PW_BS0001622875341PW_BS00002465111PW_BS00006534713125PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS0000283702601PW_BS000028228361PW_BS000024232403PW_BS0000244251355PW_BS000115436255PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS0001154712517PW_BS00011548718101PW_BS0001155131761PW_BS0001157906111PW_BS0005248346111PW_BS000549185321PW_BS000024471914PW_BS00004731323PW_BS000024874DimethylallylpyrophosphateHMDB0001120Dimethylallylpyrophosphate, also known as 2-isopentenyl diphosphate or delta-prenyl diphosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as isoprenoid phosphates. These are prenol lipids containing a phosphate group linked to an isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) unit. Dimethylallylpyrophosphate exists as a solid, slightly soluble (in water), and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Dimethylallylpyrophosphate has been found in human muscle tissue. Within the cell, dimethylallylpyrophosphate is primarily located in the peroxisome, cytoplasm and mitochondria. Dimethylallylpyrophosphate exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, dimethylallylpyrophosphate is involved in the lovastatin action pathway, the desmosterolosis pathway, the risedronate action pathway, and the ibandronate action pathway. Dimethylallylpyrophosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the wolman disease pathway, the chondrodysplasia punctata II, X linked dominant (CDPX2) pathway, the mevalonic aciduria pathway, and the child syndrome pathway. Outside of the human body, dimethylallylpyrophosphate can be found in a number of food items such as ucuhuba, yellow wax bean, white cabbage, and european plum. This makes dimethylallylpyrophosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (or -diphosphate) (DMAPP) is an intermediate product of both mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway and DOXP/MEP pathway. It is an isomer of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and exists in virtually all life forms. (wikipedia).358-72-5C0023564716057CPD-4211627DB01785CC(C)=CCO[P@](O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=OC5H12O7P2InChI=1S/C5H12O7P2/c1-5(2)3-4-11-14(9,10)12-13(6,7)8/h3H,4H2,1-2H3,(H,9,10)(H2,6,7,8)CBIDRCWHNCKSTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N246.0921246.005825762FDB0224341,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide;2-isopentenyl diphosphate;3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate;3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol pyrophosphate;3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol trihydrogen pyrophosphate;3-methyl-2-butenyl pyrophosphate;3-methylbut-2-enyl pyrophosphate;Dmapp;Dmpp;Delta2-isopentenyl diphosphate;Delta2-isopentenyl-diphosphate;Dimethylallyl diphosphate;Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate;Dimethylallyl-pp;Dimethylallyl-ppi;Dimethylallyl-diphosphate;Dimethylallyl-pyrophosphate;Dimethylallylpyrophosphate;Diphosphoric acid mono(3-methyl-2-butenyl) ester;Ipe;Prenyl diphosphate;Prenyl-diphosphate;Delta-prenyl diphosphate;Monoprenyl diphosphate;2-isopentenyl diphosphoric acid;Dimethylallylpyrophosphoric acid;Delta2-isopentenyl diphosphoric acid;δ2-isopentenyl diphosphate;δ2-isopentenyl diphosphoric acid;Dimethylallyl pyrophosphoric acid;Monoprenyl diphosphoric acid;Prenyl diphosphoric acidPW_C000874Ipe8105730921612311225124881517892433412147740812403537457928N6-dimethylallyladenineN6-Dimethylallyladenine, also known as isopentenyladenine or iP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. N6-Dimethylallyladenine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Outside of the human body, N6-dimethylallyladenine can be found in a number of food items such as wakame, yellow wax bean, evergreen huckleberry, and roman camomile. This makes N6-dimethylallyladenine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. A 6-isopentenylaminopurine in which has the isopentenyl double bond is located between the 2 and 3 positions of the isopentenyl group (ChEBI ID: 17660).2365-40-4C040839218017660CPD-420983222DB08768CC(C)=CCNC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2C10H13N5InChI=1S/C10H13N5/c1-7(2)3-4-11-9-8-10(13-5-12-8)15-6-14-9/h3,5-6H,4H2,1-2H3,(H2,11,12,13,14,15)HYVABZIGRDEKCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N203.2437203.1170954416-(gamma,gamma-dimethylallylamino)purine;N6-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)adenine;N6-delta2-isopentenyladenine;N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)-adenine;N(6)-dimethylallyladenine;Isopentenyladenine;IpPW_C057928Ip12518227108886Diphosphoric acid2466-09-3C00013102329888OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=OH4O7P2InChI=1S/H4O7P2/c1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N177.9751177.943225506Diphosphate;Pyrophosphate;Pyrophosphoric acid;PPiPW_C108886423MagnesiumHMDB0000547Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.22537-22-0C003058881842013-HYDROXY-MAGNESIUM-PROTOPORP865DB01378[Mg++]MgInChI=1S/Mg/q+2JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N24.30523.985041898FDB003518Magnesium;Magnesium ions;Magnesium ion;Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion;Magnesium, ion (mg(2+));Mg(2+);Mg2+PW_C000423Mg2+86822742681647627272681158191888322936399833992211167461483491529431764142124102411592942233126293373745403147749148695449745652531045329111535611253761035906147593415160381556094161625016664841786594164688116069791997170205719420672272137233211725021473102167313198747322211763132118432101231222512324249125132881258122612729290152752851533730877137133772363297793733678393334784173357848911578522331785363567857413080020368800451848004837280623118806541358086515809652538184151938323839490027108596223110559390115687398119974406120070122120247382120702407120981408121181124121265429121319419121924125122086405122408422122759120122921399123307119123546374123835464123889455124477136124637376124978375125447297125598484125669479125777481125921482125947299125973495126000490126243478126553491126753300127125389127164501127380502127407388127451507127804209128125508128347395140773891414Adenosine triphosphateHMDB0000538Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).56-65-5C00002595715422ATP5742DB00171NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N507.181506.995745159FDB0218135'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acidPW_C000414ATP92214608266164142247813733327995934399763210518211210214649215614216058240559243427272646281229302966316372361661361751439923447431476891486454503289503526515575205975215100525010452911015313111534611253901035406117543011854431205542129555613255691335603135562110858461435854146587610758971475924151604815561091616230166649317868391886870160697619971572057184206720921072252137229211729819873022167390217740821874321637481222749919081862251184727711903170120102811203916412178285125782261269129013264223153273084232631542621322426943187702825377218134772333297746833377632336780373327804135078168128782143517824035378411335784941157885013078865331789193348002836880046184806741198562919482612411323494113282388116280109119914122119992406120154407120245382120362412121246429121392123121397433121471408121974410122065125122079383122083405122402422122444435122919399123009446123816464123951447123956468124029374124527444124616136124630398124634376124943472124972375125011470125304297125371479125392299125515481125595484126123485126220300126234495126240478126547491126596499126913501127123389127731516127781395127796390127801209128119508128167517140770891109132Isopentenyl-ATPC164244720572271679CC(C)=CCNC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC15H24N5O13P3InChI=1S/C15H24N5O13P3/c1-8(2)3-4-16-13-10-14(18-6-17-13)20(7-19-10)15-12(22)11(21)9(31-15)5-30-35(26,27)33-36(28,29)32-34(23,24)25/h3,6-7,9,11-12,15,21-22H,4-5H2,1-2H3,(H,26,27)(H,28,29)(H,16,17,18)(H2,23,24,25)/t9-,11-,12-,15-/m1/s1OPLVZTYVQUWKHB-SDBHATRESA-N575.3575.058346847Isopentenyladenosine-5'-triphosphate;N6-(Dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphatePW_C1091321065OxygenHMDB0001377Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131).7782-44-7C0000797715379CPD-6641952O=OO2InChI=1S/O2/c1-2MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N31.998831.989829244FDB022589Dioxygen;Molecular oxygen;O2;Oxygen;Oxygen molecule;[oo];Dioxygene;Disauerstoff;E 948;E-948;E948PW_C001065O295911052451650018505854914625286383649106743168820754157634769338362137549201624253122280329426042474713546712354801255493126550812758091085973147612915970061887032163705016073192137533210756021283951511181621611864198118832151189421112057225120631641224728612279226123252491270629112716292130042981301630013026301130383021326022342276174265731576910293770442947721413477350111773631307737733177395332774971137751211577537334776263367772333777736112777471297775634177805114778121337807032978151132783813457880534379111360120047408120383122120426405120542407120553414120594409120601406120883415121045124121104383121605434121656429122117382122573418122689384122798374122822443123027135123060376123128447123139136123163448123176119123187450123219137123226120123459451123609118123669398124163469124214464124669399125145454125275121125425482125706478125731483125737297125740479125884481126100299126272484126522495126721489126825480126964502126986207127198209127214208127219205127222501127305504127345206127557388127574515127835389128081395128095390128312506128432391109133trans-Zeatin riboside triphosphateC164284720572571938C\C(CO)=C/CNC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC15H24N5O14P3InChI=1S/C15H24N5O14P3/c1-8(4-21)2-3-16-13-10-14(18-6-17-13)20(7-19-10)15-12(23)11(22)9(32-15)5-31-36(27,28)34-37(29,30)33-35(24,25)26/h2,6-7,9,11-12,15,21-23H,3-5H2,1H3,(H,27,28)(H,29,30)(H,16,17,18)(H2,24,25,26)/b8-2+/t9-,11-,12-,15-/m1/s1AOFQQLZNDSBFLN-HNNGNKQASA-N591.299591.053261467PW_C1091331399322531420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N18.015318.010564686FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O55894910951394151316214481135261562428652106912077033823188382109431137749146554159043201824253222267860272746277817280529314370316472363461459836472737494193503027515675195975214100522794523610352971055319111534311353551125402110547012354831255492126550712755341305537114554112955911355608118562210856916575914057781015841143585314658771075890955910147594015160321556059157608716161231636133159621516218166647717865071806600152671311768401886888160716220571812077193206721121172282137238214724321572951987350216738821074012127467222749222475001907588170820122582372268414162926526118502771192216412011281122132851225028612264287123272491252022712632651269329012705291127152921300729813019300130253011303730213261223133272941534030842327315426953184369132276914293770192537710213277131133772151347737833177397332774713337751611577536334776283367772233777759341778163437798234778071329782353527824235378270356791133608001436880039370805912288065611993830383947943841105573901106393911158443981198792321199151221199634061200084071200464081201131241203654121204304051204384091206064151207944141211584251212404291213511211213814191216074341221183821223844361227531201227973741228044431230124461230643761230721371231314471231421361231624481232314511233844501237304601238104641239404551241654691246703991249384711249454721253052971253534791253864811254244821254802991256824831257074781257454871260544901262384951262734841267644801268965011269635021270173881271772081271992091272275041275065071275765151278363891280823951281765131406747901406758341407551851034Adenosine diphosphateHMDB0001341Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases.58-64-0C00008602216761ADP5800NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H15N5O10P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O10P2/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(24-10)1-23-27(21,22)25-26(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N427.2011427.029414749FDB021817Adp;Adenosindiphosphorsaeure;Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenosine diphosphate;Adenosine pyrophosphate;Adenosine-5'-diphosphate;Adenosine-5-diphosphate;Adenosine-diphosphate;5'-adenylphosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-diphosphate;H3adp;5'-adenylphosphate;Adenosine 5'-diphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-diphosphoric acidPW_C001034ADP234134841522482138015963159783106114151821901492104182113102161582408592435272728472736462855293165723635614400234476314770915036265157752089752171005315111534911253921035446120554412955721335624108574111757641015849143585614658781075899147592615160501556111161623116664951786700946841188687216071592057187206720821072262137231211730019873032167391217741021874331637483222818722511851277119051701201328112180285132622231532930842328315423983134262232242696318770292537708713277216134773063297747233377663336780393327804335078170128782153517824435378414335784951157870533178849130789203348003036880622118806511358067611994827124113283388116204109119944122119994406120156407120318382120366412121248429121394123121399433121472408121899383121976410122064125122085405122405422122445435122973399123013446123818464123953447123958468124030374124452398124529444124615136124636376124947472124975375125012470125334297125373479125492299125517481125645484126125485126219300126235495126242478126550491126597499126915501127733516127780395127797390127803209128122508128168517128313389109143Isopentenyladenosine-5'-diphosphateC164264720572371678CC(C)=CCNC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC15H23N5O10P2InChI=1S/C15H23N5O10P2/c1-8(2)3-4-16-13-10-14(18-6-17-13)20(7-19-10)15-12(22)11(21)9(29-15)5-28-32(26,27)30-31(23,24)25/h3,6-7,9,11-12,15,21-22H,4-5H2,1-2H3,(H,26,27)(H,16,17,18)(H2,23,24,25)/t9-,11-,12-,15-/m1/s1VXMXKDAHJURHEN-SDBHATRESA-N495.322495.092015957Isopentenyl-ADP;N6-(Dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphatePW_C109134109144trans-Zeatin riboside diphosphateC164294720572671875C\C(CO)=C/CNC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC15H23N5O11P2InChI=1S/C15H23N5O11P2/c1-8(4-21)2-3-16-13-10-14(18-6-17-13)20(7-19-10)15-12(23)11(22)9(30-15)5-29-33(27,28)31-32(24,25)26/h2,6-7,9,11-12,15,21-23H,3-5H2,1H3,(H,27,28)(H,16,17,18)(H2,24,25,26)/b8-2+/t9-,11-,12-,15-/m1/s1MXFPFNSSZYNJGX-HNNGNKQASA-N511.321511.086930577PW_C10914432Adenosine monophosphateHMDB0000045Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.61-19-8C00020608316027AMP5858DB00131NC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1C10H14N5O7PInChI=1S/C10H14N5O7P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(22-10)1-21-23(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1UDMBCSSLTHHNCD-KQYNXXCUSA-N347.2212347.063084339DBMET00485FDB0218065'-amp;5'-adenosine monophosphate;5'-adenylate;5'-adenylic acid;Amp;Adenosine 5'-monophosphate;Adenosine 5'-phosphate;Adenosine 5'-phosphorate;Adenosine 5'-phosphoric acid;Adenosine phosphate;Adenosine-5'-monophosphorate;Adenosine-5'-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-5-monophosphorate;Adenosine-5-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-monophosphate;Adenosine-phosphate;Adenovite;Adenylate;Adenylic acid;Cardiomone;Lycedan;Muscle adenylate;Muscle adenylic acid;My-b-den;My-beta-den;Phosaden;Phosphaden;Phosphentaside;5'-o-phosphonoadenosine;Adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate);Adenosine monophosphate;Adenosine-5'p;Adenosini phosphas;Ado5'p;Fosfato de adenosina;Pa;Pado;Phosphate d'adenosine;5'-adenosine monophosphoric acid;Adenosine phosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid);Adenosine 5'-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-monophosphate;Phosphoric acid d'adenosinePW_C000032AMP112344628270167343288122118914457254867545033895251104540811754231035432118545712055581325583133577910157951086977199707218811789198118681611198815112003222125802261263631126942901333122542266342646315772343297732511178392334788091157932011280399180684135809007119916122120016124120031406120246382120888405121954408122920399123464376124507374125306297125394299125409479125596484126853205126934388126949501127124389127311209127711502140771891109145Isopentenyl-AMPC04713728515819CC(C)=CCNC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC15H22N5O7PInChI=1S/C15H22N5O7P/c1-8(2)3-4-16-13-10-14(18-6-17-13)20(7-19-10)15-12(22)11(21)9(27-15)5-26-28(23,24)25/h3,6-7,9,11-12,15,21-22H,4-5H2,1-2H3,(H,16,17,18)(H2,23,24,25)/t9-,11-,12-,15-/m1/s1DUISZFLWBAPRBR-SDBHATRESA-N415.343415.125685066N6-(delta2-Isopentenyl)-adenosine 5'-monophosphate;N6-(Dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-phosphatePW_C109145109146trans-Zeatin riboside monophosphateC164304720572771719C\C(CO)=C/CNC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC15H22N5O8PInChI=1S/C15H22N5O8P/c1-8(4-21)2-3-16-13-10-14(18-6-17-13)20(7-19-10)15-12(23)11(22)9(28-15)5-27-29(24,25)26/h2,6-7,9,11-12,15,21-23H,3-5H2,1H3,(H,16,17,18)(H2,24,25,26)/b8-2+/t9-,11-,12-,15-/m1/s1IRILMCCKFANGJQ-HNNGNKQASA-N431.342431.120599686PW_C109146302[Reduced NADPH---hemoprotein reductase]CompoundCompoundPW_EC000301C03024KEGG CompoundRNHR303[Oxidized NADPH---hemoprotein reductase]CompoundCompoundPW_EC000303C03161KEGG CompoundONHR351tRNA adenineRNAPW_NA0003518100813993322511589tRNA dimethylallyltransferaseQ9ZUX7tRNA dimethylallyltransferase is an enzyme in the cytosol that catalyzes a reaction in the cis-zeatin biosynthesis pathways whereby a dimethylallyl group is transferred onto the adenine at position 37 in tRNAs that have uridine-starting codons. It requires a magnesium ion as a cofactor.IPT242.5.1.751247615113993422523594Adenylate isopentenyltransferase 1, chloroplasticQ94ID3
Involved in cytokinin biosynthesis. Catalyzes the transfer of an isopentenyl group from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to ATP, ADP and AMP. Adenine, adenosine, isopentenylpyrophosphate and 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate (HMBDP) are not used as substrates.
IPT142.5.1.112;2.5.1.2713992722523595Cytokinin hydroxylaseQ9FF18
Cytokinin hydroxylase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of trans-zeatin via the isopentenyladenine riboside 5'-monophosphate (iPRMP)-dependent pathway. Can use isopentenyladenosine-5'-monophosphate, isopentenyladenosine-5'-diphosphate and isopentenyladenosine-5'-triphosphate as substrate.
CYP735A141.14.13.-1399302255467tRNA dimethylallyltransferase4PW_P00546712821115896994231247715114527Adenylate isopentenyltransferase 1, chloroplastic4PW_P01452713992822514528Cytokinin hydroxylase4PW_P014528139931253213286PW_R213286Right8201213511NucleicAcidfalse8201228741Compoundfalse820123579281Compoundfalse8201241088861Compoundfalse2028745467213283PW_R213283Right8201078741Compoundfalse8201084141Compoundfalse8201091091321Compoundfalse8201101088861Compoundfalse202871145272.5.1.112,2.5.1.27213284PW_R213284Right8201111091321Compoundfalse8201133021ElementCollectionfalse82011410651Compoundfalse8201121091331Compoundfalse8201153031ElementCollectionfalse82011614201Compoundfalse202872145281.14.13.-213285PW_R213285Right8201178741Compoundfalse82011810341Compoundfalse8201191091431Compoundfalse8201201088861Compoundfalse202873145272.5.1.112213287PW_R213287Right8201251091431Compoundfalse8201263021ElementCollectionfalse82012710651Compoundfalse8201281091441Compoundfalse8201293031ElementCollectionfalse82013014201Compoundfalse202875145281.14.13.-213288PW_R213288Right8201318741Compoundfalse820132321Compoundfalse8201331088861Compoundfalse8201341091451Compoundfalse202876145272.5.1.27213289PW_R213289Right8201351091451Compoundfalse8201363021ElementCollectionfalse82013710651Compoundfalse8201381091461Compoundfalse8201393031ElementCollectionfalse82014014201Compoundfalse202877145281.14.13.-30881508742253false50040010regular1001003088151579282253false90024210regular10011030881521088862253false95039710regular10011030881534232259false72740010regular10025308815441422542false60077510regular503030881551091322253false95085010regular10010030881561088862253false90069010regular1001103088157106522565false102172210regular787830881581091332253false140083910regular1001203088159142022549false135172910regular78783088160103422543false600122510regular503030881611091432253false950129710regular10012030881621088862253false900114210regular1001103088163106522565false1021117410regular787830881641091442253false1400128810regular1001203088165142022549false1351117810regular787830881663222544false595167510regular503030881671088862253false895159510regular10011030881681091452253false950175010regular1001003088169106522565false1016162710regular787830881701091462253false1400173910regular1001203088171142022549false1346162410regular78782356630237225false102557012regular100902356730337225false133057212regular100902356830237225false1025101712regular100902356930337225false1330101612regular100902357030237225false1020147012regular100902357130337225false1320146712regular10090440535196225false53524014120nucleic_acidregular1201151190734115892252false7024158subunitregular150701190735235942252false7008678subunitregular150701190736235952252false11558658subunitregular150701190737235942252false70013178subunitregular150701190738235952252false115013158subunitregular150701190739235942252false70017678subunitregular150701190740235952252false115017658subunitregular150709365505467114800225118607111907343930230881534209936Cofactor9365511452711480022511860721190735936552145281148002251186073119073693655314527114800225118607411907379365541452811480022511860751190738936555145271148002251186076119073993655614528114800225118607711907404209931M500 450 C470 450 430 450 400 450 5false18trueM 417.0096189432334 507.5 L 430 500 L 417.0096189432334 492.5false4209932M600 450 C630 450 672 450 702 450 5false184209933M900 297 C899 334 882 450 852 450 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false4209934M950 452 C920 452 882 450 852 450 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false4209935M650 270 C653 311 672 450 702 450 5false184209936M607.5 510 L607.5 560 L657.5 510 z10true184209937M550 500 C550 541 550 843 551 901 C611 901 600 901 700 902 5false184209938M650 790 C650 831 670 902 700 902 5false184209939M950 900 C920 900 880 902 850 902 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 210.26155629629605 L 11 209 L 17.380887721185843 222.57513432307834false4209940M900 745 C899 771 880 902 850 902 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 210.26155629629605 L 11 209 L 17.380887721185843 222.57513432307834false4209941M1050 900 C1080 900 1125 900 1155 900 5false184209942M1099 761 C1102 803 1125 900 1155 900 5false184209943M1400 899 C1370 899 1335 900 1305 900 5false18trueM 266.94685504416486 463.5948998021554 L 252 462.3333435058594 L 258.38088772118584 475.9084778289377false4209944M1351 768 C1349 808 1335 900 1305 900 5false18trueM 266.94685504416486 463.5948998021554 L 252 462.3333435058594 L 258.38088772118584 475.9084778289377false4209945M1125 635 C1121 676 1125 900 1155 900 5false184209946M1330 637 C1331 671 1335 900 1305 900 5false18trueM 266.94685504416486 463.5948998021554 L 252 462.3333435058594 L 258.38088772118584 475.9084778289377false4209947M550 500 C550 542 551 1301 551 1352 C600 1352 653 1353 700 1352 5false18falsefalse4209948M650 1240 C648 1282 670 1352 700 1352 5false184209949M950 1352 C920 1352 880 1352 850 1352 5false18trueM 266.94685504416486 299.5948998021554 L 252 298.3333435058594 L 258.38088772118584 311.9084778289377false4209950M900 1197 C898 1228 880 1352 850 1352 5false18trueM 266.94685504416486 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