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Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor Beta-1 adrenergic receptor 5- hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C 5- hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A 5- hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B Sodium- dependent noradrenaline transporter Sodium- dependent serotonin transporter Synaptic vesicular amine transporter Synaptic vesicular amine transporter Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1 Aromatic-L- amino-acid decarboxylase Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase Aromatic-L- amino-acid decarboxylase Dopamine beta- hydroxylase Norepinephrine Serotonin Clomipramine L-Tyrosine L-Tryptophan Dopamine Dopamine Serotonin Serotonin Norepinephrine Serotonin Na+ Na+ Norepinephrine Na+ Na+ Tetrahydrobiopterin O2 5-Hydroxy-L- tryptophan 4a- Hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin CO2 Sapropterin O2 L-Dopa Dihydrobiopterin H2O Tetrahydrobiopterin O2 4a- Hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin Ascorbic acid O2 Dehydroascorbic acid H2O Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and Tryptophan Biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid Synthesis Isoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis Fe2+ Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate Fe2+ Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate Pyrroloquinoline quinone Copper Melanosome Membrane Presynaptic Neuron Synaptic Vesicle Synaptic Cleft In depressed individuals, B1 and A1 adrenergic receptors are desensitized leading to changes in cognitive function, fatigue, sleep and immune response. Studies show that increased levels of norepinephrine activating alpha and beta 1 adrenergic receptors can influence mood. Clomipramine is absorbed through the GI tract and attaches to plasma proteins such as albumin in the blood to be carried to site of action. The serotonin receptors 2A,B,C are responsible for a variety of cognitive abilities such as learning, appetite, anxiety, memory, mood and sleep. Increasing activation of serotonin receptors can increase stimulus for changes in downstream effects of these receptors affecting the mental state of the individual Clomipramine is an inhibitor to the sodium dependent norepinephrine/serotonin transporter which allows for an accumulation of norepinephrine and serotonin in the synaptic cleft. This allows more stimulation of the receptors. Post Synaptic Neuron Cytosol
Melanosome ADRA1A ADRB1 HTR2C HTR2A HTR2B SLC6A2 SLC6A4 SLC18A2 SLC18A2 TPH1 DDC TH DDC DBH Norepinephrine Serotonin Clomipramine L-Tyrosine L-Tryptophan Dopamine Dopamine Serotonin Serotonin Norepinephrine Serotonin Sodium Sodium Norepinephrine Sodium Sodium Tetrahydrobiopterin Oxygen 5-Hydroxy-L- tryptophan 4a- Hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin Carbon dioxide Sapropterin Oxygen L-Dopa Dihydrobiopterin Water Tetrahydrobiopterin Oxygen 4a- Hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin Ascorbic acid Oxygen Dehydroascorbic acid Water Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and Tryptophan Biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid Synthesis Isoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis
ADRA1A ADRB1 HTR2C HTR2A HTR2B SLC6A2 SLC6A4 SLC18A2 SLC18A2 TPH1 DDC TH DDC DBH Norpp 5-HT Clomipr Tyr Trp LDP LDP 5-HT 5-HT Norpp 5-HT Na+ Na+ Norpp Na+ Na+ BH4 O2 5-HTP 4aHtHbp CO2 6R-BH4 O2 L-Dopa BH3 H2O BH4 O2 4aHtHbp VitC O2 DHAA H2O P T a T Phe Syn Is Al B Fe2+ Pyr-5'P Fe2+ Pyr-5'P Pqq Cu Melanosome Membrane Presynaptic Neuron Synaptic Vesicle Synaptic Cleft In depressed individuals, B1 and A1 adrenergic receptors are desensitized leading to changes in cognitive function, fatigue, sleep and immune response. Studies show that increased levels of norepinephrine activating alpha and beta 1 adrenergic receptors can influence mood. Clomipramine is absorbed through the GI tract and attaches to plasma proteins such as albumin in the blood to be carried to site of action. The serotonin receptors 2A,B,C are responsible for a variety of cognitive abilities such as learning, appetite, anxiety, memory, mood and sleep. Increasing activation of serotonin receptors can increase stimulus for changes in downstream effects of these receptors affecting the mental state of the individual Clomipramine is an inhibitor to the sodium dependent norepinephrine/serotonin transporter which allows for an accumulation of norepinephrine and serotonin in the synaptic cleft. This allows more stimulation of the receptors. Post Synaptic Neuron Cytosol
Melanosome ADRA1A ADRB1 HTR2C HTR2A HTR2B SLC6A2 SLC6A4 SLC18A2 SLC18A2 TPH1 DDC TH DDC DBH Norpp 5-HT Clomipr Tyr Trp LDP LDP 5-HT 5-HT Norpp 5-HT Na+ Na+ Norpp Na+ Na+ BH4 O2 5-HTP 4aHtHbp CO2 6R-BH4 O2 L-Dopa BH3 H2O BH4 O2 4aHtHbp VitC O2 DHAA H2O P T a T Phe Syn Is Al B