PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW059857 View Pathway	drug action Cyclizine H1-Antihistamine Action Homo sapiens Cyclizine is a first-generation piperazine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Carin Li Created On: September 18, 2017 at 15:01 Last Updated: September 18, 2017 at 15:01
PW176683 View Pathway	drug action Cyclizine H1-Antihistamine Blood Vessel Constriction Action Pathway Homo sapiens Cyclizine is an H1 antihistamine and antiemetic drug used for the prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness, and vertigo. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. H1-antihistamines act on H1 receptors in T-cells to inhibit the immune response, in blood vessels to constrict dilated blood vessels, and in smooth muscles of lungs and intestines to relax those muscles. Allergies causes blood vessel dilation which causes swelling (edema) and fluid leakage. Cyclizine inhibits the H1 histamine receptor on blood vessel endothelial cells. This normally activates the Gq signalling cascade which activates phospholipase C which catalyzes the production of Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG). Because of the inhibition, IP3 doesn't activate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and DAG doesn't activate the release of calcium into the cytosol of the endothelial cell. This causes a low concentration of calcium in the cytosol, and it, therefore, cannot bind to calmodulin. Calcium bound calmodulin is required for the activation of the calmodulin-binding domain of nitric oxide synthase. The inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis prevents the activation of myosin light chain phosphatase. This causes an accumulation of myosin light chain-phosphate which causes the muscle to contract and the blood vessel to constrict, decreasing the swelling and fluid leakage from the blood vessels caused by allergens. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: December 19, 2023 at 13:48 Last Updated: December 19, 2023 at 13:48
PW176775 View Pathway	drug action Cyclizine H1-Antihistamine Immune Response Action Pathway Homo sapiens Cyclizine is an H1 antihistamine and antiemetic drug used for the prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness, and vertigo. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. H1-antihistamines act on H1 receptors in T-cells to inhibit the immune response, in blood vessels to constrict dilated blood vessels, and in smooth muscles of lungs and intestines to relax those muscles. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Carin Li Created On: December 19, 2023 at 15:02 Last Updated: December 19, 2023 at 15:02
PW145025 View Pathway	drug action Cyclobenzaprine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 14:56 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 14:56
PW176505 View Pathway	metabolic Cyclobenzaprine Predicted Metabolism Pathway Homo sapiens Metabolites of Cyclobenzaprine are predicted with biotransformer. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: December 13, 2023 at 12:58 Last Updated: December 13, 2023 at 12:58
PW128450 View Pathway	drug action Cyclobenzaprine Serotonin antagonist Action Pathway Homo sapiens Cyclobenzaprine is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant structurally related to tricyclic antidepressants. Cyclobenzaprine relieves skeletal muscle spasms of local origin without interfering with muscle function. In preclinical research, cyclobenzaprine reduced skeletal muscle hyperactivity. Research indicates that it primarily acts within the central nervous system in the brain stem. Cyclobenzaprine does not work directly on skeletal muscle or the neuromuscular junction, although an overlapping action on the spinal cord may contribute to its overall skeletal muscle relaxant activity. Evidence implies that the resultant impact of cyclobenzaprine is a decline of tonic somatic motor activity, affecting both gamma(γ) and alpha(α) motor systems. Recent research suggests that cyclobenzaprine is a (5-HT2) receptor antagonist, and this additional action is responsible for its antispasmodic effect. Cyclobenzaprine effectively improves muscle spasms, reduces local pain and tenderness, and increases the range of motion in acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions. Cyclobenzaprine is an antispasmodic drug effective in treating muscle spasms. However, cyclobenzaprine is not an antispasticity drug. Therefore, cyclobenzaprine is ineffective in treating spasticity associated with cerebral or spinal cord pathology or children with cerebral palsy. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: August 29, 2023 at 11:17 Last Updated: August 29, 2023 at 11:17
PW132439 View Pathway	metabolic Cycloguanil Drug Metabolism Homo sapiens Cycloguanil is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Cycloguanil passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: September 21, 2023 at 21:47 Last Updated: September 21, 2023 at 21:47
PW146890 View Pathway	drug action Cycloguanil Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 19:17 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 19:17
PW132465 View Pathway	metabolic Cyclopenthiazide Drug Metabolism Homo sapiens Cyclopenthiazide is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Cyclopenthiazide passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: September 21, 2023 at 21:55 Last Updated: September 21, 2023 at 21:55
PW146658 View Pathway	drug action Cyclopenthiazide Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 18:44 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 18:44