Pathways

Metabolites of Netarsudil are predicted with biotransformer.

Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics that is produced by fermentation of Micromonospora inyoensis. Netilmicin can effectively against a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria such as E.coli, Citrobacter sp., etc. Netilmicin can also effectively against Hemophilus influenzae, Salmonella sp. and others in vitro. However, netilmicin are ineffective against anaerobic bacteria, fungi and viruses. Netilmicin binds irreversibly to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit protein and 16S rRNA and prevents the formation of the initiation complex with messenger RNA. Binding of netilmicin can cause misreading of mRNA which result in insertion of incorrect amino acids to polypeptide. This lead to nonfunctional or toxic peptides of protein complex.

Netilmicin is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside that is used to treat bacterial infections within the body such as bacteremia, septicemia, respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, burns, wounds, and peri-operative infections. It is a 1-N-ethyl derivative of sisomycin, that is similar to that of gentamicin except for the reduced ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Its mechanism of action is to inhibit protein synthesis by irreversibly binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit (protein S12) and interfering with the mRNA binding and acceptor tRNA sites. Due to its interference with mRNA binding and tRNA wobble base pairing this leads to misreading and early termination of peptides that are rendered nonfunctional or toxic, stunting the bacterial growth and development. It is commonly administered intramuscularly and is rapidly absorbed.

Metabolites of sildenafil are predicted with biotransformer.

Metabolites of Netupitant are predicted with biotransformer.

Neurons are electrically excitable cells that process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. A neuron consists of a cell body, branched dendrites to receive sensory information, and a long singular axon to transmit motor information. Signals travel from the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another via a synapse. Neurons maintain a voltage gradient across their membrane using metabolically driven ion pumps and ion channels for charge-carrying ions, including sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl−), and calcium (Ca2+). The resting membrane potential (charge) of a neuron is about -70 mV because there is an accumulation of more sodium ions outside the neuron compared to the number of potassium ions inside. If the membrane potential changes by a large enough amount, an electrochemical pulse called an action potential is generated. Stimuli such as pressure, stretch, and chemical transmitters can activate a neuron by causing specific ion-channels to open, changing the membrane potential. During this period, called depolarization, the sodium channels open to allow sodium to rush into the cell which results in the membrane potential to increase. Once the interior of the neuron becomes more positively charged, the sodium channels close and the potassium channels open to allow potassium to move out of the cell to try and restore the resting membrane potential (this stage is called repolarization). There is a period of hyperpolarization after this step because the potassium channels are slow to close, thus allowing more potassium outside the cell than necessary. The resting potential is restored after the sodium-potassium pump works to exchange three sodium ions out per two potassium ions in across the plasma membrane. The action potential travels along the axon and upon reaching the end, causes neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, or norepinephrine to be released into the synapse. These neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors on the target cell, thus propagating the signal.