Pathways

Tetrofosmin is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Tetrofosmin passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney.

Tetryzoline is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Tetryzoline passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney.

Metabolites of Tezacaftor are predicted with biotransformer.

In higher plants, the primary seed storage reserve is triacylglycerol rather than carbohydrates. Thus, triacylglycerol degradation is an important pathway from which plants obtain energy for growth. First, triacylglycerol lipase, an enzyme localized to the oil body (storage vacuole) membrane, catalyzes the conversion of a triglyceride into a 1,2-diglyceride. Second, the predicted enzyme diglyceride lipase (coloured orange in the image) is theorized to catalyze the conversion of a 1,2-diglyceride iinto a 2-acylglycerol. Third, a 2-acylglycerol is spontaneously converted into a 1-monoglyceride. Fourth, acylhydrolase catalyzes the conversion of a 1-monoglyceride into glycerol. Fifth, glycerol kinase catalyzes the conversion of glycerol into glycerol 3-phosphate. Sixth, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (coloured dark green in the image), localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane, catalyzes the conversion of glycerol 3-phosphate into glycerone phosphate. (less)

In higher plants, the primary seed storage reserve is triacylglycerol rather than carbohydrates. Thus, triacylglycerol degradation is an important pathway from which plants obtain energy for growth. First, triacylglycerol lipase, an enzyme localized to the oil body (storage vacuole) membrane, (more)

A triglyceride (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. The biosynthesis of triacylglycerol is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and starts with glycerol 3-phosphate reacting with acyl-CoA through a glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase resulting in the release of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). This, in turn, reacts with an acyl-CoA through a lipase complex resulting in the release of CoA and phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidic acid reacts with water through a phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase 1 resulting in the release of a phosphate and a diacylglycerol. This reaction can be reversed through a CTP-dependent diacylglycerol kinase. The diacylglycerol reacts in the endoplasmic reticulum with an acyl-CoA through a diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase resulting in the release of coenzyme A and a triacylglycerol. Triacylglycerol metabolism begins with a reaction with water through lipase resulting in the release of a fatty acid, hydrogen ion, and a diacylglycerol. Diacylglycerol then reacts with a lipase 3 resulting in the release of a fatty acid and a monoacylglycerol. Monoacylglycerol reacts with monoglyceride lipase resulting in the release of a fatty acid in glycerol. (less)

A triglyceride (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. The biosynthesis of triacylglycerol is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and starts with glycerol 3-phosphate reacting with acyl-CoA through a glycerol-3-phosp (more)

The TGF beta signaling pathway plays a role in regulating various cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, and immune responses. It is initiated when TGF beta activates the TGF beta receptor, triggering a cascade of signaling events. This receptor activation leads to the activation of PI3K, which in turn activates the Akt complex. The Akt complex further activates Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR, a key regulator of cell growth and metabolism. mTOR then activates Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1, involved in protein synthesis. Additionally, TGF-beta receptor type-1 activates the GRB2-SOS-IRS-SHC complex, which stimulates Ras-related protein Ral-A, leading to the activation of the RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase without zinc. The signaling also involves the activation of TRAF4/6, which in turn activates the TRAF6-TAK1 complex. This complex activates MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (MKNK1), which subsequently activates JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase). JNK then activates ATF-2 and Jun, important transcription factors. Moreover, MKNK1 also activates Proto-oncogene c-Fos, a key transcription factor involved in cellular responses. Another branch of the pathway involves the activation of Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoC, which activates Rho-associated protein kinase 1. This kinase activates the Cofilin-actin-CAP1 complex, involved in cytoskeletal dynamics. Regarding cellular transport, Proto-oncogene c-Fos is translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus, where it regulates gene expression. These interactions collectively contribute to the modulation of cell behavior, including cell cycle progression, migration, and differentiation. (less)

The TGF beta signaling pathway plays a role in regulating various cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, and immune responses. It is initiated when TGF beta activates the TGF beta receptor, triggering a cascade of signaling events. This receptor activation leads to the activat (more)

The TGF-β pathway is initiated when TGF-β activates TGF-β receptors (type-1/2) on the cell surface. This receptor activation leads to the phosphorylation of the receptors, which in turn activates downstream signaling components. One important result is the phosphorylation of Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2), forming a complex called SMAD2 with phosphate. This phosphorylated SMAD2 then activates a critical downstream signaling cascade involving SMAD2-3-4, which translocates from the cytosol to the nucleus, where it regulates gene expression and various cellular responses. However, the pathway is also tightly regulated. SMAD 6/7 interacts with SMURF 1/2, which acts as a negative regulator by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the TGF-β receptor. This feedback mechanism helps to balance the activation of the TGF-β pathway to ensure proper cellular responses. (less)

The TGF-β pathway is initiated when TGF-β activates TGF-β receptors (type-1/2) on the cell surface. This receptor activation leads to the phosphorylation of the receptors, which in turn activates downstream signaling components. One important result is the phosphorylation of Mothers against d (more)