Pathways

Metabolites of sildenafil are predicted with biotransformer.

Metabolites of Nicorandil are predicted with biotransformer.

Metabolites of Nicotinamide are predicted with biotransformer.

Nicotinate (synonyms:pyridine-3-carboxylate, 3-pyridinecarboxylate, vitamin B3) is a pyridinemonocarboxylate that is the conjugate base of nicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. It has a role as a metabolite and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is a conjugate base of a nicotinic acid. Nicotinamide is the amide derivative of nicotinic acid. Nicotinate and nicotinamide are essential for organisms as the precursors for generation of coenzymes, NAD+ and NADP+, which are essential for redox reactions and carry electrons from one reaction to another. [LAMP (Liverpool) Library of Apicomplexan Metabolic Pathways,#] The Nicotinate and Nicotinamide metabolism in Arabidopsis Thaliana takes place in Cytoplasm, Mitochondria and Chloroplast of the specie. In this pathway, Nicotinamide riboside is catalyzed into Niacinamide using Uridine nucleosidase 1. NAD is catalyzed from Nicotinamide ribotide by Nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase. This NAD enters the Chloroplast usin the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide transporter 1, chloroplastic and transfers to NADP via NAD kinase 2 enzyme. The NAD resulted from he catalyzation of Nicotinamide ribotide can also enter the Mitochondrion using Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide transporter 2 and catalyzes into Niacinamide via NAD-dependent protein deacylase SRT2. This Niacinamide will be transfered into Cytosol using Niacinamide Mitochondrial Transporter. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide is catalyzed into Nicotinic acid mononucleotide via Alkaline-phosphatase-like family proteininside the Vacuole.The Nicotinic acid mononucleotide catalyzes into Nicotinic acid via Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase 2 (in Chloroplast) or via Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase 2 Template in the Cytosol. This pathway also relates the following pathways: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle), Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, Tryptophan metabolism, Pyruvate metabolism, C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism, and Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis.

Nicotinate (niacin) and nicotinamide - more commonly known as vitamin B3 - are precursors of the coenzymes nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). NAD+ synthesis occurs either de novo from amino acids, or a salvage pathway from nicotinamide. Most organisms use the de novo pathway whereas the savage pathway is only typically found in mammals. The specifics of the de novo pathway varies between organisms, but most begin by forming quinolinic acid (QA) from tryptophan (Trp) in animals, or aspartic acid in some bacteria (intestinal microflora) and plants. Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase converts QA into nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) by transfering a phosphoribose group. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase then transfers an adenylate group to form nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD). Lastly, the nicotinic acid group is amidated to form a nicotinamide group, resulting in a molecule of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Additionally, NAD can be phosphorylated to form NADP. The salvage pathway involves recycling nicotinamide and nicotinamide-containing molecules such as nicotinamide riboside. The precursors are fed into the NAD+ biosynthetic pathwaythrough adenylation and phosphoribosylation reactions. These compounds can be found in the diet, where the mixture of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are called vitamin B3 or niacin. These compounds are also produced within the body when the nicotinamide group is released from NAD+ in ADP-ribose transfer reactions.