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Pathway Description
Desipramine Action Pathway
Homo sapiens
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Drug Action
Created: 2013-08-22
Last Updated: 2019-08-16
Desipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that exerts its therapeutic effects by inhibiting norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake in the brain. It does so by competing for the same binding site as norepinephrine on the sodium-dependent noradraneline transporter (SLC6A2) and by competing with serotonin for binding to the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter (SLC6A4). This increases the concentrations of both norepinephrine and serotonin in their respective synapses and reverses the state of low concentrations of both neurotransmitters found in depression. Higher concentrations of norepinephrine and serotonin have also been shown to have long-term neuromodulatory effects. Binding of these neurotransmitters to their respective receptors activate adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP. cAMP activates protein kinase A which activates cAMP-responsive binding protein 1 (CREB-1). CREB-1 enters the nucleus and affects transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF subsequently stimulates neurogenesis, which may contribute to the long-term reversal of depression.
References
Desipramine Pathway References
Norpramin. (2009). e-CPS (online version of Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties). Retrieved December 23, 2009.
Shelton RC: The dual-action hypothesis: does pharmacology matter? J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65 Suppl 17:5-10.
Pubmed: 15600376
Pacholczyk T, Blakely RD, Amara SG: Expression cloning of a cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive human noradrenaline transporter. Nature. 1991 Mar 28;350(6316):350-4. doi: 10.1038/350350a0.
Pubmed: 2008212
Porzgen P, Bonisch H, Bruss M: Molecular cloning and organization of the coding region of the human norepinephrine transporter gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Oct 24;215(3):1145-50. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.2582.
Pubmed: 7488042
Porzgen P, Bonisch H, Hammermann R, Bruss M: The human noradrenaline transporter gene contains multiple polyadenylation sites and two alternatively spliced C-terminal exons. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Jul 9;1398(3):365-70. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00072-4.
Pubmed: 9655936
Lesch KP, Wolozin BL, Estler HC, Murphy DL, Riederer P: Isolation of a cDNA encoding the human brain serotonin transporter. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 1993;91(1):67-72.
Pubmed: 8452685
Ramamoorthy S, Bauman AL, Moore KR, Han H, Yang-Feng T, Chang AS, Ganapathy V, Blakely RD: Antidepressant- and cocaine-sensitive human serotonin transporter: molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar 15;90(6):2542-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.6.2542.
Pubmed: 7681602
Lesch KP, Wolozin BL, Murphy DL, Reiderer P: Primary structure of the human platelet serotonin uptake site: identity with the brain serotonin transporter. J Neurochem. 1993 Jun;60(6):2319-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03522.x.
Pubmed: 7684072
Kimura S, Umeno M, Skoda RC, Meyer UA, Gonzalez FJ: The human debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D) locus: sequence and identification of the polymorphic CYP2D6 gene, a related gene, and a pseudogene. Am J Hum Genet. 1989 Dec;45(6):889-904.
Pubmed: 2574001
Gaedigk A, Bhathena A, Ndjountche L, Pearce RE, Abdel-Rahman SM, Alander SW, Bradford LD, Rogan PK, Leeder JS: Identification and characterization of novel sequence variations in the cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) gene in African Americans. Pharmacogenomics J. 2005;5(3):173-82. doi: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500305.
Pubmed: 15768052
Sridar C, Snider NT, Hollenberg PF: Anandamide oxidation by wild-type and polymorphically expressed CYP2B6 and CYP2D6. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 May;39(5):782-8. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.036707. Epub 2011 Feb 2.
Pubmed: 21289075
Denier C, Ducros A, Durr A, Eymard B, Chassande B, Tournier-Lasserve E: Missense CACNA1A mutation causing episodic ataxia type 2. Arch Neurol. 2001 Feb;58(2):292-5. doi: 10.1001/archneur.58.2.292.
Pubmed: 11176968
Hans M, Urrutia A, Deal C, Brust PF, Stauderman K, Ellis SB, Harpold MM, Johnson EC, Williams ME: Structural elements in domain IV that influence biophysical and pharmacological properties of human alpha1A-containing high-voltage-activated calcium channels. Biophys J. 1999 Mar;76(3):1384-400. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77300-5.
Pubmed: 10049321
Ophoff RA, Terwindt GM, Vergouwe MN, van Eijk R, Oefner PJ, Hoffman SM, Lamerdin JE, Mohrenweiser HW, Bulman DE, Ferrari M, Haan J, Lindhout D, van Ommen GJ, Hofker MH, Ferrari MD, Frants RR: Familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type-2 are caused by mutations in the Ca2+ channel gene CACNL1A4. Cell. 1996 Nov 1;87(3):543-52. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81373-2.
Pubmed: 8898206
Powers PA, Liu S, Hogan K, Gregg RG: Skeletal muscle and brain isoforms of a beta-subunit of human voltage-dependent calcium channels are encoded by a single gene. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 15;267(32):22967-72.
Pubmed: 1385409
Williams ME, Feldman DH, McCue AF, Brenner R, Velicelebi G, Ellis SB, Harpold MM: Structure and functional expression of alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta subunits of a novel human neuronal calcium channel subtype. Neuron. 1992 Jan;8(1):71-84. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90109-q.
Pubmed: 1309651
Collin T, Wang JJ, Nargeot J, Schwartz A: Molecular cloning of three isoforms of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel beta subunit from normal human heart. Circ Res. 1993 Jun;72(6):1337-44. doi: 10.1161/01.res.72.6.1337.
Pubmed: 7916667
Klugbauer N, Lacinova L, Marais E, Hobom M, Hofmann F: Molecular diversity of the calcium channel alpha2delta subunit. J Neurosci. 1999 Jan 15;19(2):684-91.
Pubmed: 9880589
Gao B, Sekido Y, Maximov A, Saad M, Forgacs E, Latif F, Wei MH, Lerman M, Lee JH, Perez-Reyes E, Bezprozvanny I, Minna JD: Functional properties of a new voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha(2)delta auxiliary subunit gene (CACNA2D2). J Biol Chem. 2000 Apr 21;275(16):12237-42. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.16.12237.
Pubmed: 10766861
Hobom M, Dai S, Marais E, Lacinova L, Hofmann F, Klugbauer N: Neuronal distribution and functional characterization of the calcium channel alpha2delta-2 subunit. Eur J Neurosci. 2000 Apr;12(4):1217-26. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.01009.x.
Pubmed: 10762351
Rabert DK, Koch BD, Ilnicka M, Obernolte RA, Naylor SL, Herman RC, Eglen RM, Hunter JC, Sangameswaran L: A tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel from human dorsal root ganglia, hPN3/SCN10A. Pain. 1998 Nov;78(2):107-14. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00120-1.
Pubmed: 9839820
Muzny DM, Scherer SE, Kaul R, Wang J, Yu J, Sudbrak R, Buhay CJ, Chen R, Cree A, Ding Y, Dugan-Rocha S, Gill R, Gunaratne P, Harris RA, Hawes AC, Hernandez J, Hodgson AV, Hume J, Jackson A, Khan ZM, Kovar-Smith C, Lewis LR, Lozado RJ, Metzker ML, Milosavljevic A, Miner GR, Morgan MB, Nazareth LV, Scott G, Sodergren E, Song XZ, Steffen D, Wei S, Wheeler DA, Wright MW, Worley KC, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Adams CQ, Ansari-Lari MA, Ayele M, Brown MJ, Chen G, Chen Z, Clendenning J, Clerc-Blankenburg KP, Chen R, Chen Z, Davis C, Delgado O, Dinh HH, Dong W, Draper H, Ernst S, Fu G, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Garcia DK, Gillett W, Gu J, Hao B, Haugen E, Havlak P, He X, Hennig S, Hu S, Huang W, Jackson LR, Jacob LS, Kelly SH, Kube M, Levy R, Li Z, Liu B, Liu J, Liu W, Lu J, Maheshwari M, Nguyen BV, Okwuonu GO, Palmeiri A, Pasternak S, Perez LM, Phelps KA, Plopper FJ, Qiang B, Raymond C, Rodriguez R, Saenphimmachak C, Santibanez J, Shen H, Shen Y, Subramanian S, Tabor PE, Verduzco D, Waldron L, Wang J, Wang J, Wang Q, Williams GA, Wong GK, Yao Z, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhao G, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Nelson D, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, Naylor SL, Yang H, Olson M, Weinstock G, Gibbs RA: The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3. Nature. 2006 Apr 27;440(7088):1194-8. doi: 10.1038/nature04728.
Pubmed: 16641997
Varela I, Tarpey P, Raine K, Huang D, Ong CK, Stephens P, Davies H, Jones D, Lin ML, Teague J, Bignell G, Butler A, Cho J, Dalgliesh GL, Galappaththige D, Greenman C, Hardy C, Jia M, Latimer C, Lau KW, Marshall J, McLaren S, Menzies A, Mudie L, Stebbings L, Largaespada DA, Wessels LF, Richard S, Kahnoski RJ, Anema J, Tuveson DA, Perez-Mancera PA, Mustonen V, Fischer A, Adams DJ, Rust A, Chan-on W, Subimerb C, Dykema K, Furge K, Campbell PJ, Teh BT, Stratton MR, Futreal PA: Exome sequencing identifies frequent mutation of the SWI/SNF complex gene PBRM1 in renal carcinoma. Nature. 2011 Jan 27;469(7331):539-42. doi: 10.1038/nature09639. Epub 2011 Jan 19.
Pubmed: 21248752
Makita N, Sloan-Brown K, Weghuis DO, Ropers HH, George AL Jr: Genomic organization and chromosomal assignment of the human voltage-gated Na+ channel beta 1 subunit gene (SCN1B). Genomics. 1994 Oct;23(3):628-34. doi: 10.1006/geno.1994.1551.
Pubmed: 7851891
Patino GA, Claes LR, Lopez-Santiago LF, Slat EA, Dondeti RS, Chen C, O'Malley HA, Gray CB, Miyazaki H, Nukina N, Oyama F, De Jonghe P, Isom LL: A functional null mutation of SCN1B in a patient with Dravet syndrome. J Neurosci. 2009 Aug 26;29(34):10764-78. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2475-09.2009.
Pubmed: 19710327
Baroni D, Picco C, Moran O: A mutation of SCN1B associated with GEFS+ causes functional and maturation defects of the voltage-dependent sodium channel. Hum Mutat. 2018 Oct;39(10):1402-1415. doi: 10.1002/humu.23589. Epub 2018 Jul 30.
Pubmed: 29992740
Kong W, Po S, Yamagishi T, Ashen MD, Stetten G, Tomaselli GF: Isolation and characterization of the human gene encoding Ito: further diversity by alternative mRNA splicing. Am J Physiol. 1998 Dec;275(6):H1963-70. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.6.H1963.
Pubmed: 9843794
Kikuno R, Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Hirosawa M, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Kotani H, Nomura N, Ohara O: Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XIV. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro. DNA Res. 1999 Jun 30;6(3):197-205. doi: 10.1093/dnares/6.3.197.
Pubmed: 10470851
Zhu XR, Wulf A, Schwarz M, Isbrandt D, Pongs O: Characterization of human Kv4.2 mediating a rapidly-inactivating transient voltage-sensitive K+ current. Receptors Channels. 1999;6(5):387-400.
Pubmed: 10551270
Neuron Function References
Lovinger DM: Communication networks in the brain: neurons, receptors, neurotransmitters, and alcohol. Alcohol Res Health. 2008;31(3):196-214.
Pubmed: 23584863
Kress GJ, Mennerick S: Action potential initiation and propagation: upstream influences on neurotransmission. Neuroscience. 2009 Jan 12;158(1):211-22. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.021. Epub 2008 Mar 19.
Pubmed: 18472347
Platkiewicz J, Brette R: A threshold equation for action potential initiation. PLoS Comput Biol. 2010 Jul 8;6(7):e1000850. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000850.
Pubmed: 20628619
Pacholczyk T, Blakely RD, Amara SG: Expression cloning of a cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive human noradrenaline transporter. Nature. 1991 Mar 28;350(6316):350-4. doi: 10.1038/350350a0.
Pubmed: 2008212
Porzgen P, Bonisch H, Bruss M: Molecular cloning and organization of the coding region of the human norepinephrine transporter gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Oct 24;215(3):1145-50. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.2582.
Pubmed: 7488042
Porzgen P, Bonisch H, Hammermann R, Bruss M: The human noradrenaline transporter gene contains multiple polyadenylation sites and two alternatively spliced C-terminal exons. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Jul 9;1398(3):365-70. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00072-4.
Pubmed: 9655936
Lesch KP, Wolozin BL, Estler HC, Murphy DL, Riederer P: Isolation of a cDNA encoding the human brain serotonin transporter. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 1993;91(1):67-72.
Pubmed: 8452685
Ramamoorthy S, Bauman AL, Moore KR, Han H, Yang-Feng T, Chang AS, Ganapathy V, Blakely RD: Antidepressant- and cocaine-sensitive human serotonin transporter: molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar 15;90(6):2542-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.6.2542.
Pubmed: 7681602
Lesch KP, Wolozin BL, Murphy DL, Reiderer P: Primary structure of the human platelet serotonin uptake site: identity with the brain serotonin transporter. J Neurochem. 1993 Jun;60(6):2319-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03522.x.
Pubmed: 7684072
Kimura S, Umeno M, Skoda RC, Meyer UA, Gonzalez FJ: The human debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D) locus: sequence and identification of the polymorphic CYP2D6 gene, a related gene, and a pseudogene. Am J Hum Genet. 1989 Dec;45(6):889-904.
Pubmed: 2574001
Gaedigk A, Bhathena A, Ndjountche L, Pearce RE, Abdel-Rahman SM, Alander SW, Bradford LD, Rogan PK, Leeder JS: Identification and characterization of novel sequence variations in the cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) gene in African Americans. Pharmacogenomics J. 2005;5(3):173-82. doi: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500305.
Pubmed: 15768052
Sridar C, Snider NT, Hollenberg PF: Anandamide oxidation by wild-type and polymorphically expressed CYP2B6 and CYP2D6. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 May;39(5):782-8. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.036707. Epub 2011 Feb 2.
Pubmed: 21289075
Denier C, Ducros A, Durr A, Eymard B, Chassande B, Tournier-Lasserve E: Missense CACNA1A mutation causing episodic ataxia type 2. Arch Neurol. 2001 Feb;58(2):292-5. doi: 10.1001/archneur.58.2.292.
Pubmed: 11176968
Hans M, Urrutia A, Deal C, Brust PF, Stauderman K, Ellis SB, Harpold MM, Johnson EC, Williams ME: Structural elements in domain IV that influence biophysical and pharmacological properties of human alpha1A-containing high-voltage-activated calcium channels. Biophys J. 1999 Mar;76(3):1384-400. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77300-5.
Pubmed: 10049321
Ophoff RA, Terwindt GM, Vergouwe MN, van Eijk R, Oefner PJ, Hoffman SM, Lamerdin JE, Mohrenweiser HW, Bulman DE, Ferrari M, Haan J, Lindhout D, van Ommen GJ, Hofker MH, Ferrari MD, Frants RR: Familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type-2 are caused by mutations in the Ca2+ channel gene CACNL1A4. Cell. 1996 Nov 1;87(3):543-52. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81373-2.
Pubmed: 8898206
Powers PA, Liu S, Hogan K, Gregg RG: Skeletal muscle and brain isoforms of a beta-subunit of human voltage-dependent calcium channels are encoded by a single gene. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 15;267(32):22967-72.
Pubmed: 1385409
Williams ME, Feldman DH, McCue AF, Brenner R, Velicelebi G, Ellis SB, Harpold MM: Structure and functional expression of alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta subunits of a novel human neuronal calcium channel subtype. Neuron. 1992 Jan;8(1):71-84. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90109-q.
Pubmed: 1309651
Collin T, Wang JJ, Nargeot J, Schwartz A: Molecular cloning of three isoforms of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel beta subunit from normal human heart. Circ Res. 1993 Jun;72(6):1337-44. doi: 10.1161/01.res.72.6.1337.
Pubmed: 7916667
Klugbauer N, Lacinova L, Marais E, Hobom M, Hofmann F: Molecular diversity of the calcium channel alpha2delta subunit. J Neurosci. 1999 Jan 15;19(2):684-91.
Pubmed: 9880589
Gao B, Sekido Y, Maximov A, Saad M, Forgacs E, Latif F, Wei MH, Lerman M, Lee JH, Perez-Reyes E, Bezprozvanny I, Minna JD: Functional properties of a new voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha(2)delta auxiliary subunit gene (CACNA2D2). J Biol Chem. 2000 Apr 21;275(16):12237-42. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.16.12237.
Pubmed: 10766861
Hobom M, Dai S, Marais E, Lacinova L, Hofmann F, Klugbauer N: Neuronal distribution and functional characterization of the calcium channel alpha2delta-2 subunit. Eur J Neurosci. 2000 Apr;12(4):1217-26. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.01009.x.
Pubmed: 10762351
Rabert DK, Koch BD, Ilnicka M, Obernolte RA, Naylor SL, Herman RC, Eglen RM, Hunter JC, Sangameswaran L: A tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel from human dorsal root ganglia, hPN3/SCN10A. Pain. 1998 Nov;78(2):107-14. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00120-1.
Pubmed: 9839820
Muzny DM, Scherer SE, Kaul R, Wang J, Yu J, Sudbrak R, Buhay CJ, Chen R, Cree A, Ding Y, Dugan-Rocha S, Gill R, Gunaratne P, Harris RA, Hawes AC, Hernandez J, Hodgson AV, Hume J, Jackson A, Khan ZM, Kovar-Smith C, Lewis LR, Lozado RJ, Metzker ML, Milosavljevic A, Miner GR, Morgan MB, Nazareth LV, Scott G, Sodergren E, Song XZ, Steffen D, Wei S, Wheeler DA, Wright MW, Worley KC, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Adams CQ, Ansari-Lari MA, Ayele M, Brown MJ, Chen G, Chen Z, Clendenning J, Clerc-Blankenburg KP, Chen R, Chen Z, Davis C, Delgado O, Dinh HH, Dong W, Draper H, Ernst S, Fu G, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Garcia DK, Gillett W, Gu J, Hao B, Haugen E, Havlak P, He X, Hennig S, Hu S, Huang W, Jackson LR, Jacob LS, Kelly SH, Kube M, Levy R, Li Z, Liu B, Liu J, Liu W, Lu J, Maheshwari M, Nguyen BV, Okwuonu GO, Palmeiri A, Pasternak S, Perez LM, Phelps KA, Plopper FJ, Qiang B, Raymond C, Rodriguez R, Saenphimmachak C, Santibanez J, Shen H, Shen Y, Subramanian S, Tabor PE, Verduzco D, Waldron L, Wang J, Wang J, Wang Q, Williams GA, Wong GK, Yao Z, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhao G, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Nelson D, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, Naylor SL, Yang H, Olson M, Weinstock G, Gibbs RA: The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3. Nature. 2006 Apr 27;440(7088):1194-8. doi: 10.1038/nature04728.
Pubmed: 16641997
Varela I, Tarpey P, Raine K, Huang D, Ong CK, Stephens P, Davies H, Jones D, Lin ML, Teague J, Bignell G, Butler A, Cho J, Dalgliesh GL, Galappaththige D, Greenman C, Hardy C, Jia M, Latimer C, Lau KW, Marshall J, McLaren S, Menzies A, Mudie L, Stebbings L, Largaespada DA, Wessels LF, Richard S, Kahnoski RJ, Anema J, Tuveson DA, Perez-Mancera PA, Mustonen V, Fischer A, Adams DJ, Rust A, Chan-on W, Subimerb C, Dykema K, Furge K, Campbell PJ, Teh BT, Stratton MR, Futreal PA: Exome sequencing identifies frequent mutation of the SWI/SNF complex gene PBRM1 in renal carcinoma. Nature. 2011 Jan 27;469(7331):539-42. doi: 10.1038/nature09639. Epub 2011 Jan 19.
Pubmed: 21248752
Makita N, Sloan-Brown K, Weghuis DO, Ropers HH, George AL Jr: Genomic organization and chromosomal assignment of the human voltage-gated Na+ channel beta 1 subunit gene (SCN1B). Genomics. 1994 Oct;23(3):628-34. doi: 10.1006/geno.1994.1551.
Pubmed: 7851891
Patino GA, Claes LR, Lopez-Santiago LF, Slat EA, Dondeti RS, Chen C, O'Malley HA, Gray CB, Miyazaki H, Nukina N, Oyama F, De Jonghe P, Isom LL: A functional null mutation of SCN1B in a patient with Dravet syndrome. J Neurosci. 2009 Aug 26;29(34):10764-78. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2475-09.2009.
Pubmed: 19710327
Baroni D, Picco C, Moran O: A mutation of SCN1B associated with GEFS+ causes functional and maturation defects of the voltage-dependent sodium channel. Hum Mutat. 2018 Oct;39(10):1402-1415. doi: 10.1002/humu.23589. Epub 2018 Jul 30.
Pubmed: 29992740
Kong W, Po S, Yamagishi T, Ashen MD, Stetten G, Tomaselli GF: Isolation and characterization of the human gene encoding Ito: further diversity by alternative mRNA splicing. Am J Physiol. 1998 Dec;275(6):H1963-70. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.6.H1963.
Pubmed: 9843794
Kikuno R, Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Hirosawa M, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Kotani H, Nomura N, Ohara O: Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XIV. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro. DNA Res. 1999 Jun 30;6(3):197-205. doi: 10.1093/dnares/6.3.197.
Pubmed: 10470851
Zhu XR, Wulf A, Schwarz M, Isbrandt D, Pongs O: Characterization of human Kv4.2 mediating a rapidly-inactivating transient voltage-sensitive K+ current. Receptors Channels. 1999;6(5):387-400.
Pubmed: 10551270
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