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Pathway Description
Ammonia Recycling
Homo sapiens
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2013-08-01
Last Updated: 2023-10-25
Ammonia can be rerouted from the urine and recycled into the body for use in nitrogen metabolism. Glutamate and glutamine play an important role in this process. There are many other processes that act to recycle ammonia. asparaginase recycles ammonia from asparagine. Glycine cleavage system generates ammonia from glycine. Histidine ammonia lyase forms ammonia from histidine. Serine dehydratase also produces ammonia by cleaving serine.
References
Ammonia Recycling References
Lehninger, A.L. Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th ed.) (2005). New York: W.H Freeman.
Salway, J.G. Metabolism at a glance (3rd ed.) (2004). Alden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub.
Kikuchi G: The glycine cleavage system: composition, reaction mechanism, and physiological significance. Mol Cell Biochem. 1973 Jun 27;1(2):169-87.
Pubmed: 4585091
Saparov SM, Liu K, Agre P, Pohl P: Fast and selective ammonia transport by aquaporin-8. J Biol Chem. 2007 Feb 23;282(8):5296-301. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M609343200. Epub 2006 Dec 21.
Pubmed: 17189259
Soria LR, Fanelli E, Altamura N, Svelto M, Marinelli RA, Calamita G: Aquaporin-8-facilitated mitochondrial ammonia transport. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Mar 5;393(2):217-21. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.01.104. Epub 2010 Feb 2.
Pubmed: 20132793
Ogawa H, Gomi T, Konishi K, Date T, Nakashima H, Nose K, Matsuda Y, Peraino C, Pitot HC, Fujioka M: Human liver serine dehydratase. cDNA cloning and sequence homology with hydroxyamino acid dehydratases from other sources. J Biol Chem. 1989 Sep 25;264(27):15818-23.
Pubmed: 2674117
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Pubmed: 14702039
Yamada T, Komoto J, Kasuya T, Takata Y, Ogawa H, Mori H, Takusagawa F: A catalytic mechanism that explains a low catalytic activity of serine dehydratase like-1 from human cancer cells: crystal structure and site-directed mutagenesis studies. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 May;1780(5):809-18. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.01.020. Epub 2008 Feb 19.
Pubmed: 18342636
Bush LA, Herr JC, Wolkowicz M, Sherman NE, Shore A, Flickinger CJ: A novel asparaginase-like protein is a sperm autoantigen in rats. Mol Reprod Dev. 2002 Jun;62(2):233-47. doi: 10.1002/mrd.10092.
Pubmed: 11984834
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Pubmed: 14654938
Andrulis IL, Chen J, Ray PN: Isolation of human cDNAs for asparagine synthetase and expression in Jensen rat sarcoma cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jul;7(7):2435-43. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.7.2435.
Pubmed: 2886907
Zhang YP, Lambert MA, Cairney AE, Wills D, Ray PN, Andrulis IL: Molecular structure of the human asparagine synthetase gene. Genomics. 1989 Apr;4(3):259-65.
Pubmed: 2565875
Suchi M, Sano H, Mizuno H, Wada Y: Molecular cloning and structural characterization of the human histidase gene (HAL). Genomics. 1995 Sep 1;29(1):98-104. doi: 10.1006/geno.1995.1219.
Pubmed: 8530107
Suchi M, Harada N, Wada Y, Takagi Y: Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding human histidase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Nov 16;1216(2):293-5. doi: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90157-9.
Pubmed: 7916645
Finckh U, Kohlschutter A, Schafer H, Sperhake K, Colombo JP, Gal A: Prenatal diagnosis of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency by identification of a missense mutation in CPS1. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(3):206-11. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1998)12:3<206::AID-HUMU8>3.0.CO;2-E.
Pubmed: 9711878
Funghini S, Donati MA, Pasquini E, Zammarchi E, Morrone A: Structural organization of the human carbamyl phosphate synthetase I gene (CPS1) and identification of two novel genetic lesions. Hum Mutat. 2003 Oct;22(4):340-1. doi: 10.1002/humu.9184.
Pubmed: 12955727
Aoshima T, Kajita M, Sekido Y, Kikuchi S, Yasuda I, Saheki T, Watanabe K, Shimokata K, Niwa T: Novel mutations (H337R and 238-362del) in the CPS1 gene cause carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency. Hum Hered. 2001;52(2):99-101. doi: 10.1159/000053360.
Pubmed: 11474210
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Pubmed: 11181995
Nakatani Y, Banner C, von Herrath M, Schneider ME, Smith HH, Freese E: Comparison of human brain and liver glutamate dehydrogenase cDNAS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 Dec 16;149(2):405-10. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)90381-0.
Pubmed: 3426581
Amuro N, Yamaura M, Goto Y, Okazaki T: Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the cDNA for human liver glutamate dehydrogenase precursor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 May 16;152(3):1395-400. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80440-6.
Pubmed: 3377777
Nakatani Y, Schneider M, Banner C, Freese E: Complete nucleotide sequence of human glutamate dehydrogenase cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jul 11;16(13):6237. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.13.6237.
Pubmed: 3399399
Gomez-Fabre PM, Aledo JC, Del Castillo-Olivares A, Alonso FJ, Nunez De Castro I, Campos JA, Marquez J: Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression studies of the human breast cancer cell glutaminase. Biochem J. 2000 Jan 15;345 Pt 2:365-75.
Pubmed: 10620514
Perez-Gomez C, Mates JM, Gomez-Fabre PM, del Castillo-Olivares A, Alonso FJ, Marquez J: Genomic organization and transcriptional analysis of the human l-glutaminase gene. Biochem J. 2003 Mar 15;370(Pt 3):771-84. doi: 10.1042/BJ20021445.
Pubmed: 12444921
Hayasaka K, Nanao K, Takada G, Okamura-Ikeda K, Motokawa Y: Isolation and sequence determination of cDNA encoding human T-protein of the glycine cleavage system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Apr 30;192(2):766-71. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1480.
Pubmed: 7916605
Nanao K, Takada G, Takahashi E, Seki N, Komatsu Y, Okamura-Ikeda K, Motokawa Y, Hayasaka K: Structure and chromosomal localization of the aminomethyltransferase gene (AMT) Genomics. 1994 Jan 1;19(1):27-30.
Pubmed: 8188235
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