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Pathway Description
Phospholipid Biosynthesis CL(16:1(9Z)/15:0/16:1(9Z)/15:0)
Escherichia coli
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2015-08-28
Last Updated: 2025-07-30
Phospholipids are membrane components in E. coli. The major phospholipids of E. coli are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. All phospholipids contain sn-glycerol-3-phosphate esterified with fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The reaction starts from a glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) produced in glycolysis. The glycerone phosphate is transformed into an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glycerol 3 phosphate) by NADPH-driven glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed to a 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid). This can be achieved by an sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase that interacts either with a long-chain acyl-CoA or with an acyl-[acp]. The 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed into a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid) through a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. This compound is then converted into a CPD-diacylglycerol through a CTP phosphatidate cytididyltransferase. CPD-diacylglycerol can be transformed either into an L-1-phosphatidylserine or an L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate through a phosphatidylserine synthase or a phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, respectively. The L-1-phosphatidylserine transforms into L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine through a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. On the other hand, L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate gets transformed into an L-1-phosphatidyl-glycerol through a phosphatidylglycerophosphatase. These 2 products combine to produce a cardiolipin and an ethanolamine. The L-1 phosphatidyl-glycerol can also interact with cardiolipin synthase resulting in a glycerol and a cardiolipin.
References
Phospholipid Biosynthesis CL(16:1(9Z)/15:0/16:1(9Z)/15:0) References
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Blattner FR, Plunkett G 3rd, Bloch CA, Perna NT, Burland V, Riley M, Collado-Vides J, Glasner JD, Rode CK, Mayhew GF, Gregor J, Davis NW, Kirkpatrick HA, Goeden MA, Rose DJ, Mau B, Shao Y: The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1453-62. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5331.1453.
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Heath RJ, Rock CO: A missense mutation accounts for the defect in the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase expressed in the plsB26 mutant. J Bacteriol. 1999 Mar;181(6):1944-6.
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Lightner VA, Larson TJ, Tailleur P, Kantor GD, Raetz CR, Bell RM, Modrich P: Membrane phospholipid synthesis in Escherichia coli. Cloning of a structural gene (plsB) of the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyl/transferase. J Biol Chem. 1980 Oct 10;255(19):9413-20.
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Larson TJ, Lightner VA, Green PR, Modrich P, Bell RM: Membrane phospholipid synthesis in Escherichia coli. Identification of the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase polypeptide as the plsB gene product. J Biol Chem. 1980 Oct 10;255(19):9421-6.
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Coleman J: Characterization of the Escherichia coli gene for 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (plsC). Mol Gen Genet. 1992 Mar;232(2):295-303. doi: 10.1007/bf00280009.
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Icho T, Sparrow CP, Raetz CR: Molecular cloning and sequencing of the gene for CDP-diglyceride synthetase of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1985 Oct 5;260(22):12078-83.
Pubmed: 2995358
DeChavigny A, Heacock PN, Dowhan W: Sequence and inactivation of the pss gene of Escherichia coli. Phosphatidylethanolamine may not be essential for cell viability. J Biol Chem. 1991 Mar 15;266(8):5323-32.
Pubmed: 2002065
Yamamoto Y, Aiba H, Baba T, Hayashi K, Inada T, Isono K, Itoh T, Kimura S, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Miki T, Mitsuhashi N, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Nakade S, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Oshima T, Oyama S, Saito N, Sampei G, Satoh Y, Sivasundaram S, Tagami H, Horiuchi T, et al.: Construction of a contiguous 874-kb sequence of the Escherichia coli -K12 genome corresponding to 50.0-68.8 min on the linkage map and analysis of its sequence features. DNA Res. 1997 Apr 28;4(2):91-113. doi: 10.1093/dnares/4.2.91.
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Li QX, Dowhan W: Structural characterization of Escherichia coli phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. J Biol Chem. 1988 Aug 15;263(23):11516-22.
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Burland V, Plunkett G 3rd, Sofia HJ, Daniels DL, Blattner FR: Analysis of the Escherichia coli genome VI: DNA sequence of the region from 92.8 through 100 minutes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1995 Jun 25;23(12):2105-19. doi: 10.1093/nar/23.12.2105.
Pubmed: 7610040
Gopalakrishnan AS, Chen YC, Temkin M, Dowhan W: Structure and expression of the gene locus encoding the phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1986 Jan 25;261(3):1329-38.
Pubmed: 3003065
Usui M, Sembongi H, Matsuzaki H, Matsumoto K, Shibuya I: Primary structures of the wild-type and mutant alleles encoding the phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1994 Jun;176(11):3389-92. doi: 10.1128/jb.176.11.3389-3392.1994.
Pubmed: 8195097
Itoh T, Aiba H, Baba T, Hayashi K, Inada T, Isono K, Kasai H, Kimura S, Kitakawa M, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Miki T, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Mori T, Motomura K, Nakade S, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Nishio Y, Oshima T, Saito N, Sampei G, Seki Y, Horiuchi T, et al.: A 460-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 40.1-50.0 min region on the linkage map. DNA Res. 1996 Dec 31;3(6):379-92. doi: 10.1093/dnares/3.6.379.
Pubmed: 9097040
Icho T: Membrane-bound phosphatases in Escherichia coli: sequence of the pgpB gene and dual subcellular localization of the pgpB product. J Bacteriol. 1988 Nov;170(11):5117-24. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.11.5117-5124.1988.
Pubmed: 2846511
Dillon DA, Wu WI, Riedel B, Wissing JB, Dowhan W, Carman GM: The Escherichia coli pgpB gene encodes for a diacylglycerol pyrophosphate phosphatase activity. J Biol Chem. 1996 Nov 29;271(48):30548-53. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.48.30548.
Pubmed: 8940025
Aiba H, Baba T, Hayashi K, Inada T, Isono K, Itoh T, Kasai H, Kashimoto K, Kimura S, Kitakawa M, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Miki T, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Mori T, Motomura K, Nakade S, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Nishio Y, Oshima T, Saito N, Sampei G, Horiuchi T, et al.: A 570-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 28.0-40.1 min region on the linkage map. DNA Res. 1996 Dec 31;3(6):363-77. doi: 10.1093/dnares/3.6.363.
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Icho T: Membrane-bound phosphatases in Escherichia coli: sequence of the pgpA gene. J Bacteriol. 1988 Nov;170(11):5110-6. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.11.5110-5116.1988.
Pubmed: 2846510
This pathway was generated using PathWhiz -
Pon, A. et al. Pathways with PathWhiz (2015) Nucleic Acids Res. 43(Web Server issue): W552–W559.
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