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Pathway Description
Operon: Redox Process
Escherichia coli
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Signaling
Created: 2015-09-08
Last Updated: 2019-08-16
The fixABCX operon in E. coli contains four genes which encode for proteins that are potentially used in the anaerobic metabolism of carnitine, similar to those in the caiTABCDE operon. This operon can be activated by the cAMP-activated global transcriptional regulator CRP. Both the fix and cai operons are expressed in anaerobic conditions to metabolize carnitine, and they are found very close to one another in the genome, in opposite directions.
The first gene, fixA, encodes for a protein which, with the protein produced by fixB, form a heterodimer protein. This protein may work as an electron transfer proteins, due to their similarity to electron transport flavoproteins in mammals.
The third gene, fixC, encodes a protein that may be part of an electron transfer system in the anaerobic metabolism of carnitine.
The final gene, fixX, encodes a ferredoxin-like protein involved in carnitine reduction.
References
Operon: Redox Process References
Walt A, Kahn ML: The fixA and fixB genes are necessary for anaerobic carnitine reduction in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2002 Jul;184(14):4044-7.
Pubmed: 12081978
Buchet A, Eichler K, Mandrand-Berthelot MA: Regulation of the carnitine pathway in Escherichia coli: investigation of the cai-fix divergent promoter region. J Bacteriol. 1998 May;180(10):2599-608.
Pubmed: 9573142
Eichler K, Buchet A, Bourgis F, Kleber HP, Mandrand-Berthelot MA: The fix Escherichia coli region contains four genes related to carnitine metabolism. J Basic Microbiol. 1995;35(4):217-27.
Pubmed: 7473063
Walt A, Kahn ML: The fixA and fixB genes are necessary for anaerobic carnitine reduction in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2002 Jul;184(14):4044-7. doi: 10.1128/jb.184.14.4044-4047.2002.
Pubmed: 12081978
Yura T, Mori H, Nagai H, Nagata T, Ishihama A, Fujita N, Isono K, Mizobuchi K, Nakata A: Systematic sequencing of the Escherichia coli genome: analysis of the 0-2.4 min region. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Jul 11;20(13):3305-8. doi: 10.1093/nar/20.13.3305.
Pubmed: 1630901
Blattner FR, Plunkett G 3rd, Bloch CA, Perna NT, Burland V, Riley M, Collado-Vides J, Glasner JD, Rode CK, Mayhew GF, Gregor J, Davis NW, Kirkpatrick HA, Goeden MA, Rose DJ, Mau B, Shao Y: The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1453-62. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5331.1453.
Pubmed: 9278503
Hayashi K, Morooka N, Yamamoto Y, Fujita K, Isono K, Choi S, Ohtsubo E, Baba T, Wanner BL, Mori H, Horiuchi T: Highly accurate genome sequences of Escherichia coli K-12 strains MG1655 and W3110. Mol Syst Biol. 2006;2:2006.0007. doi: 10.1038/msb4100049. Epub 2006 Feb 21.
Pubmed: 16738553
Cossart P, Gicquel-Sanzey B: Cloning and sequence of the crp gene of Escherichia coli K 12. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Feb 25;10(4):1363-78. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.4.1363.
Pubmed: 6280141
Aiba H, Fujimoto S, Ozaki N: Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the gene for E. coli cAMP receptor protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Feb 25;10(4):1345-61. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.4.1345.
Pubmed: 6280140
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