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Pathway Description
Glutathione Metabolism III
Escherichia coli
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2015-09-21
Last Updated: 2025-02-03
The biosynthesis of glutathione starts with the introduction of L-glutamic acid through either a glutamate:sodium symporter, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP or a
glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter. Once in the cytoplasm, L-glutamice acid reacts with L-cysteine through an ATP glutamate-cysteine ligase resulting in gamma-glutamylcysteine. This compound reacts which Glycine through an ATP driven glutathione synthetase thus catabolizing Glutathione.
This compound is metabolized through a spontaneous reaction with an oxidized glutaredoxin resulting in a reduced glutaredoxin and an oxidized glutathione. This compound is reduced by a NADPH glutathione reductase resulting in a glutathione.
References
Glutathione Metabolism III References
Apontoweil P, Berends W: Glutathione biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K 12. Properties of the enzymes and regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1975 Jul 14;399(1):1-9.
Pubmed: 238647
Toledano MB, Kumar C, Le Moan N, Spector D, Tacnet F: The system biology of thiol redox system in Escherichia coli and yeast: differential functions in oxidative stress, iron metabolism and DNA synthesis. FEBS Lett. 2007 Jul 31;581(19):3598-607. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.07.002.
Pubmed: 17659286
Watanabe K, Yamano Y, Murata K, Kimura A: The nucleotide sequence of the gene for gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase of Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Jun 11;14(11):4393-400. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.11.4393.
Pubmed: 2872655
Yamamoto Y, Aiba H, Baba T, Hayashi K, Inada T, Isono K, Itoh T, Kimura S, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Miki T, Mitsuhashi N, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Nakade S, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Oshima T, Oyama S, Saito N, Sampei G, Satoh Y, Sivasundaram S, Tagami H, Horiuchi T, et al.: Construction of a contiguous 874-kb sequence of the Escherichia coli -K12 genome corresponding to 50.0-68.8 min on the linkage map and analysis of its sequence features. DNA Res. 1997 Apr 28;4(2):91-113. doi: 10.1093/dnares/4.2.91.
Pubmed: 9205837
Blattner FR, Plunkett G 3rd, Bloch CA, Perna NT, Burland V, Riley M, Collado-Vides J, Glasner JD, Rode CK, Mayhew GF, Gregor J, Davis NW, Kirkpatrick HA, Goeden MA, Rose DJ, Mau B, Shao Y: The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1453-62. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5331.1453.
Pubmed: 9278503
Gushima H, Yasuda S, Soeda E, Yokota M, Kondo M, Kimura A: Complete nucleotide sequence of the E. coli glutathione synthetase gsh-II. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Dec 21;12(24):9299-307. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.24.9299.
Pubmed: 6393055
Hayashi K, Morooka N, Yamamoto Y, Fujita K, Isono K, Choi S, Ohtsubo E, Baba T, Wanner BL, Mori H, Horiuchi T: Highly accurate genome sequences of Escherichia coli K-12 strains MG1655 and W3110. Mol Syst Biol. 2006;2:2006.0007. doi: 10.1038/msb4100049. Epub 2006 Feb 21.
Pubmed: 16738553
Greer S, Perham RN: Glutathione reductase from Escherichia coli: cloning and sequence analysis of the gene and relationship to other flavoprotein disulfide oxidoreductases. Biochemistry. 1986 May 6;25(9):2736-42. doi: 10.1021/bi00357a069.
Pubmed: 3521741
Sofia HJ, Burland V, Daniels DL, Plunkett G 3rd, Blattner FR: Analysis of the Escherichia coli genome. V. DNA sequence of the region from 76.0 to 81.5 minutes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Jul 11;22(13):2576-86. doi: 10.1093/nar/22.13.2576.
Pubmed: 8041620
Oshima T, Aiba H, Baba T, Fujita K, Hayashi K, Honjo A, Ikemoto K, Inada T, Itoh T, Kajihara M, Kanai K, Kashimoto K, Kimura S, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Masuda S, Miki T, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Motomura K, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Nishio Y, Saito N, Horiuchi T, et al.: A 718-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 12.7-28.0 min region on the linkage map. DNA Res. 1996 Jun 30;3(3):137-55. doi: 10.1093/dnares/3.3.137.
Pubmed: 8905232
Deguchi Y, Yamato I, Anraku Y: Nucleotide sequence of gltS, the Na+/glutamate symport carrier gene of Escherichia coli B. J Biol Chem. 1990 Dec 15;265(35):21704-8.
Pubmed: 2254324
Kalman M, Gentry DR, Cashel M: Characterization of the Escherichia coli K12 gltS glutamate permease gene. Mol Gen Genet. 1991 Mar;225(3):379-86. doi: 10.1007/bf00261677.
Pubmed: 2017136
Deguchi Y, Yamato I, Anraku Y: Molecular cloning of gltS and gltP, which encode glutamate carriers of Escherichia coli B. J Bacteriol. 1989 Mar;171(3):1314-9. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.3.1314-1319.1989.
Pubmed: 2537813
Tolner B, Poolman B, Wallace B, Konings WN: Revised nucleotide sequence of the gltP gene, which encodes the proton-glutamate-aspartate transport protein of Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol. 1992 Apr;174(7):2391-3. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.7.2391-2393.1992.
Pubmed: 1551855
Wallace B, Yang YJ, Hong JS, Lum D: Cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding a glutamate and aspartate carrier of Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol. 1990 Jun;172(6):3214-20. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.6.3214-3220.1990.
Pubmed: 1971622
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