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Pathway Description
Phenylethylamine Metabolism
Escherichia coli
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2015-10-02
Last Updated: 2019-08-30
The process of phenylethylamine metabolism starts with 2-phenylethylamine interacting with an oxygen molecule and a water molecule in the periplasmic space through a phenylethylamine oxidase. This reaction results in the release of a hydrogen peroxide, ammonium and phenylacetaldehyde.
Phenylacetaldehyde is introduced into the cytosol and degraded into phenylacetate by reaction with a phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase. This reaction involves phenylacetaldehyde interacting with NAD, and a water molecule and then resulting in the release of NADH, and 2 hydrogen ion.
Phenylacetate is then degraded. The first step involves phenylacetate interacting with an coenzyme A and an ATP driven phenylacetate-CoA ligase resulting in the release of a AMP, a diphosphate and a phenylacetyl-CoA. This resulting compound the interacts with a hydrogen ion, NADPH, and oxygen molecule through a ring 1,2-phenylacetyl-CoA epoxidase protein complex resulting in the release of a water molecule, an NADP and a 2-(1,2-epoxy-1,2-dihydrophenyl)acetyl-CoA. This compound is then metabolized by a ring 1,2 epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase resulting in a 2-oxepin-2(3H)-ylideneacetyl-CoA. This compound is then hydrolated through a oxepin-CoA hydrolase resulting in a 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde. This commpound then interacts with a water molecule and NADP driven 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA semialadehyde dehydrogenase resulting in 2 hydrogen ions, a NADPH and a 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA. The resulting compound interacts with a coenzyme A and a 3-oxo-5,6 dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase resulting in an acetyl-CoA and a 2,3-didehydroadipyl-CoA. This resulting compound is the hydrated by a 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratas resulting in a 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA whuch is dehydrogenated through an NAD driven 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase resulting in a NADH, a hydrogen ion and a 3-oxoadipyl-CoA. The latter compound then interacts with conezyme A through a beta-ketoadipyl-CoA thiolase resulting in an acetyl-CoA and a succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA is then integrated into the TCA cycle.
References
Phenylethylamine Metabolism References
Ferrandez A, Prieto MA, Garcia JL, Diaz E: Molecular characterization of PadA, a phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett. 1997 Apr 7;406(1-2):23-7.
Pubmed: 9109378
Parrott S, Jones S, Cooper RA: 2-Phenylethylamine catabolism by Escherichia coli K12. J Gen Microbiol. 1987 Feb;133(2):347-51. doi: 10.1099/00221287-133-2-347.
Pubmed: 3309152
Ravindra Kumar S, Imlay JA: How Escherichia coli tolerates profuse hydrogen peroxide formation by a catabolic pathway. J Bacteriol. 2013 Oct;195(20):4569-79. doi: 10.1128/JB.00737-13. Epub 2013 Aug 2.
Pubmed: 23913322
Parsons MR, Convery MA, Wilmot CM, Yadav KD, Blakeley V, Corner AS, Phillips SE, McPherson MJ, Knowles PF: Crystal structure of a quinoenzyme: copper amine oxidase of Escherichia coli at 2 A resolution. Structure. 1995 Nov 15;3(11):1171-84.
Pubmed: 8591028
Steinebach V, Benen JA, Bader R, Postma PW, De Vries S, Duine JA: Cloning of the maoA gene that encodes aromatic amine oxidase of Escherichia coli W3350 and characterization of the overexpressed enzyme. Eur J Biochem. 1996 May 1;237(3):584-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0584p.x.
Pubmed: 8647101
Aiba H, Baba T, Hayashi K, Inada T, Isono K, Itoh T, Kasai H, Kashimoto K, Kimura S, Kitakawa M, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Miki T, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Mori T, Motomura K, Nakade S, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Nishio Y, Oshima T, Saito N, Sampei G, Horiuchi T, et al.: A 570-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 28.0-40.1 min region on the linkage map. DNA Res. 1996 Dec 31;3(6):363-77. doi: 10.1093/dnares/3.6.363.
Pubmed: 9097039
Hanlon SP, Hill TK, Flavell MA, Stringfellow JM, Cooper RA: 2-phenylethylamine catabolism by Escherichia coli K-12: gene organization and expression. Microbiology. 1997 Feb;143 ( Pt 2):513-8. doi: 10.1099/00221287-143-2-513.
Pubmed: 9043126
Ferrandez A, Prieto MA, Garcia JL, Diaz E: Molecular characterization of PadA, a phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett. 1997 Apr 7;406(1-2):23-7. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00228-7.
Pubmed: 9109378
Ferrandez A, Minambres B, Garcia B, Olivera ER, Luengo JM, Garcia JL, Diaz E: Catabolism of phenylacetic acid in Escherichia coli. Characterization of a new aerobic hybrid pathway. J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 2;273(40):25974-86. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.40.25974.
Pubmed: 9748275
Blattner FR, Plunkett G 3rd, Bloch CA, Perna NT, Burland V, Riley M, Collado-Vides J, Glasner JD, Rode CK, Mayhew GF, Gregor J, Davis NW, Kirkpatrick HA, Goeden MA, Rose DJ, Mau B, Shao Y: The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1453-62. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5331.1453.
Pubmed: 9278503
Hayashi K, Morooka N, Yamamoto Y, Fujita K, Isono K, Choi S, Ohtsubo E, Baba T, Wanner BL, Mori H, Horiuchi T: Highly accurate genome sequences of Escherichia coli K-12 strains MG1655 and W3110. Mol Syst Biol. 2006;2:2006.0007. doi: 10.1038/msb4100049. Epub 2006 Feb 21.
Pubmed: 16738553
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