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Pathway Description
Operon: Mannitol Uptake
Escherichia coli
Category:
Protein Pathway
Sub-Categories:
Transport/Degradation
Gene Regulatory
Cellular Response
Created: 2015-11-04
Last Updated: 2019-12-11
The mtlADR operon in E. coli contains three genes that are involved in the transport and breakdown of mannitol in the cell. This operon is both positively and negatively regulated by proteins in the cell. It can be activated by the cAMP-activated global transcriptional regulator CRP, which binds to the promoter region and activates transcription. It can be repressed by both the catabolite repressor/activator protein and DNA-binding protein Fis. This both bind to the promoter region, repressing transcription of the operon.
The first gene in the operon, mtlA, encodes a PTS system mannitol-specific EIICBA component, which is involved in the transport of sugars such as mannitol into the cell.
The second gene, mtlD, encodes mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate from D-mannitol 1-phosphate using NAD+ as a cofactor.
The final gene, mtlR, encodes the mannitol operon repressor, which represses the mtlADR operon without binding to the promoter region. It is currently unknown how this repression occurs.
References
Operon: Mannitol Uptake References
Davis T, Yamada M, Elgort M, Saier MH Jr: Nucleotide sequence of the mannitol (mtl) operon in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1988 May;2(3):405-12.
Pubmed: 3135464
Figge RM, Ramseier TM, Saier MH Jr: The mannitol repressor (MtlR) of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1994 Feb;176(3):840-7.
Pubmed: 8300537
Gonzalez-Gil G, Bringmann P, Kahmann R: FIS is a regulator of metabolism in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1996 Oct;22(1):21-9.
Pubmed: 8899705
Hale WB, van der Woude MW, Low DA: Analysis of nonmethylated GATC sites in the Escherichia coli chromosome and identification of sites that are differentially methylated in response to environmental stimuli. J Bacteriol. 1994 Jun;176(11):3438-41.
Pubmed: 8195106
Huerta AM, Collado-Vides J: Sigma70 promoters in Escherichia coli: specific transcription in dense regions of overlapping promoter-like signals. J Mol Biol. 2003 Oct 17;333(2):261-78.
Pubmed: 14529615
Lee CA, Saier MH Jr: Mannitol-specific enzyme II of the bacterial phosphotransferase system. III. The nucleotide sequence of the permease gene. J Biol Chem. 1983 Sep 10;258(17):10761-7.
Pubmed: 6309813
Medina-Rivera A, Abreu-Goodger C, Thomas-Chollier M, Salgado H, Collado-Vides J, van Helden J: Theoretical and empirical quality assessment of transcription factor-binding motifs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Feb;39(3):808-24. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq710. Epub 2010 Oct 4.
Pubmed: 20923783
Ramseier TM, Bledig S, Michotey V, Feghali R, Saier MH Jr: The global regulatory protein FruR modulates the direction of carbon flow in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1995 Jun;16(6):1157-69.
Pubmed: 8577250
Ramseier TM, Saier MH Jr: cAMP-cAMP receptor protein complex: five binding sites in the control region of the Escherichia coli mannitol operon. Microbiology. 1995 Aug;141 ( Pt 8):1901-7. doi: 10.1099/13500872-141-8-1901.
Pubmed: 7551052
Tan K, Clancy S, Borovilos M, Zhou M, Horer S, Moy S, Volkart LL, Sassoon J, Baumann U, Joachimiak A: The mannitol operon repressor MtlR belongs to a new class of transcription regulators in bacteria. J Biol Chem. 2009 Dec 25;284(52):36670-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.062679. Epub 2009 Oct 19.
Pubmed: 19840941
Webster NJ, Kong Y, Cameron KE, Resnik JL: An upstream element from the human insulin receptor gene promoter contains binding sites for C/EBP beta and NF-1. Diabetes. 1994 Feb;43(2):305-12.
Pubmed: 8288055
Sugiyama JE, Mahmoodian S, Jacobson GR: Membrane topology analysis of Escherichia coli mannitol permease by using a nested-deletion method to create mtlA-phoA fusions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Nov 1;88(21):9603-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.21.9603.
Pubmed: 1946374
Sofia HJ, Burland V, Daniels DL, Plunkett G 3rd, Blattner FR: Analysis of the Escherichia coli genome. V. DNA sequence of the region from 76.0 to 81.5 minutes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Jul 11;22(13):2576-86. doi: 10.1093/nar/22.13.2576.
Pubmed: 8041620
Davis T, Yamada M, Elgort M, Saier MH Jr: Nucleotide sequence of the mannitol (mtl) operon in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1988 May;2(3):405-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1988.tb00045.x.
Pubmed: 3135464
Jiang W, Wu LF, Tomich J, Saier MH Jr, Niehaus WG: Corrected sequence of the mannitol (mtl) operon in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1990 Nov;4(11):2003-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb02050.x.
Pubmed: 1964486
Cossart P, Gicquel-Sanzey B: Cloning and sequence of the crp gene of Escherichia coli K 12. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Feb 25;10(4):1363-78. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.4.1363.
Pubmed: 6280141
Aiba H, Fujimoto S, Ozaki N: Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the gene for E. coli cAMP receptor protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Feb 25;10(4):1345-61. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.4.1345.
Pubmed: 6280140
Blattner FR, Plunkett G 3rd, Bloch CA, Perna NT, Burland V, Riley M, Collado-Vides J, Glasner JD, Rode CK, Mayhew GF, Gregor J, Davis NW, Kirkpatrick HA, Goeden MA, Rose DJ, Mau B, Shao Y: The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1453-62. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5331.1453.
Pubmed: 9278503
Johnson RC, Ball CA, Pfeffer D, Simon MI: Isolation of the gene encoding the Hin recombinational enhancer binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 May;85(10):3484-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.10.3484.
Pubmed: 2835774
Koch C, Vandekerckhove J, Kahmann R: Escherichia coli host factor for site-specific DNA inversion: cloning and characterization of the fis gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jun;85(12):4237-41. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.12.4237.
Pubmed: 2837762
Ball CA, Osuna R, Ferguson KC, Johnson RC: Dramatic changes in Fis levels upon nutrient upshift in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1992 Dec;174(24):8043-56. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.24.8043-8056.1992.
Pubmed: 1459953
Leclerc G, Noel G, Drapeau GR: Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of shl, a new gene in the 2-minute region of the genetic map of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1990 Aug;172(8):4696-700. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.8.4696-4700.1990.
Pubmed: 2198273
Jahreis K, Postma PW, Lengeler JW: Nucleotide sequence of the ilvH-fruR gene region of Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Mol Gen Genet. 1991 Apr;226(1-2):332-6. doi: 10.1007/bf00273623.
Pubmed: 1851954
Yura T, Mori H, Nagai H, Nagata T, Ishihama A, Fujita N, Isono K, Mizobuchi K, Nakata A: Systematic sequencing of the Escherichia coli genome: analysis of the 0-2.4 min region. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Jul 11;20(13):3305-8. doi: 10.1093/nar/20.13.3305.
Pubmed: 1630901
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