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Pathway Description
Shikimate Pathway (Chorismate Biosynthesis)
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-01-23
Last Updated: 2019-09-12
The shikimate pathway is composed of seven enzymatic reactions in the chloroplast by which phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and D-erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P) are converted to chorismate, the common precursor of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan as well as other metabolites (e.g. folates). The pathway's absence in animals makes it an attractive target for new antimicrobial agents, anti-parasitic agents, and herbicides. PEP can enter this pathway either from plastidic glycolysis or cytosolic glycolysis. If it enters from the cytosol, then it is pumped into the chloroplast by PEP/phosphate translocator (PPT), an antiporter that exports phosphate into the cytosol simultaneously. Firstly, DAHP synthase, with the help of reduced thioredoxin (TRX) and a divalent cation (e.g. manganese) as cofactors, converts PEP, E4P, and water to 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP) and phosphate. Secondly, 3-dehydroquinate synthase eliminates a phosphate from DAHP resulting in 3-dehydroquinate. This enzyme requires NAD+ and a divalent cation (e.g. cobalt) as cofactors. The next two reactions are catalyzed by the bifunctional enzyme 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase-shikimate dehydrogenase (DHQ-SDH). In the pathway's third reaction, the enzyme's DHQ domain dehydrates 3-dehydroquinate to 3-dehydroshikimate. In the fourth reaction, the enzyme's SDH domain uses NADPH to reversibly reduce 3-dehydroshikimate to shikimate, releasing NADP in the process. Fifthly, shikimate kinase, which requires a divalent cation (e.g. manganese) as a cofactor, catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of shikimate to shikimate 3-phosphate. Sixthly, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase converts shikimate-3-phosphate and PEP to EPSP, releasing a phosphate in the process. Seventhly, chorismate synthase (CS) catalyzes the 1,4-trans elimination of the phosphate group from EPSP to form chorismate. This enzyme requires reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) as a cofactor.
References
Shikimate Pathway (Chorismate Biosynthesis) References
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Mayer K, Schuller C, Wambutt R, Murphy G, Volckaert G, Pohl T, Dusterhoft A, Stiekema W, Entian KD, Terryn N, Harris B, Ansorge W, Brandt P, Grivell L, Rieger M, Weichselgartner M, de Simone V, Obermaier B, Mache R, Muller M, Kreis M, Delseny M, Puigdomenech P, Watson M, Schmidtheini T, Reichert B, Portatelle D, Perez-Alonso M, Boutry M, Bancroft I, Vos P, Hoheisel J, Zimmermann W, Wedler H, Ridley P, Langham SA, McCullagh B, Bilham L, Robben J, Van der Schueren J, Grymonprez B, Chuang YJ, Vandenbussche F, Braeken M, Weltjens I, Voet M, Bastiaens I, Aert R, Defoor E, Weitzenegger T, Bothe G, Ramsperger U, Hilbert H, Braun M, Holzer E, Brandt A, Peters S, van Staveren M, Dirske W, Mooijman P, Klein Lankhorst R, Rose M, Hauf J, Kotter P, Berneiser S, Hempel S, Feldpausch M, Lamberth S, Van den Daele H, De Keyser A, Buysshaert C, Gielen J, Villarroel R, De Clercq R, Van Montagu M, Rogers J, Cronin A, Quail M, Bray-Allen S, Clark L, Doggett J, Hall S, Kay M, Lennard N, McLay K, Mayes R, Pettett A, Rajandream MA, Lyne M, Benes V, Rechmann S, Borkova D, Blocker H, Scharfe M, Grimm M, Lohnert TH, Dose S, de Haan M, Maarse A, Schafer M, Muller-Auer S, Gabel C, Fuchs M, Fartmann B, Granderath K, Dauner D, Herzl A, Neumann S, Argiriou A, Vitale D, Liguori R, Piravandi E, Massenet O, Quigley F, Clabauld G, Mundlein A, Felber R, Schnabl S, Hiller R, Schmidt W, Lecharny A, Aubourg S, Chefdor F, Cooke R, Berger C, Montfort A, Casacuberta E, Gibbons T, Weber N, Vandenbol M, Bargues M, Terol J, Torres A, Perez-Perez A, Purnelle B, Bent E, Johnson S, Tacon D, Jesse T, Heijnen L, Schwarz S, Scholler P, Heber S, Francs P, Bielke C, Frishman D, Haase D, Lemcke K, Mewes HW, Stocker S, Zaccaria P, Bevan M, Wilson RK, de la Bastide M, Habermann K, Parnell L, Dedhia N, Gnoj L, Schutz K, Huang E, Spiegel L, Sehkon M, Murray J, Sheet P, Cordes M, Abu-Threideh J, Stoneking T, Kalicki J, Graves T, Harmon G, Edwards J, Latreille P, Courtney L, Cloud J, Abbott A, Scott K, Johnson D, Minx P, Bentley D, Fulton B, Miller N, Greco T, Kemp K, Kramer J, Fulton L, Mardis E, Dante M, Pepin K, Hillier L, Nelson J, Spieth J, Ryan E, Andrews S, Geisel C, Layman D, Du H, Ali J, Berghoff A, Jones K, Drone K, Cotton M, Joshu C, Antonoiu B, Zidanic M, Strong C, Sun H, Lamar B, Yordan C, Ma P, Zhong J, Preston R, Vil D, Shekher M, Matero A, Shah R, Swaby IK, O'Shaughnessy A, Rodriguez M, Hoffmann J, Till S, Granat S, Shohdy N, Hasegawa A, Hameed A, Lodhi M, Johnson A, Chen E, Marra M, Martienssen R, McCombie WR: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 4 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 1999 Dec 16;402(6763):769-77. doi: 10.1038/47134.
Pubmed: 10617198
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