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Pathway Description
Flavonoid Biosynthesis
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-02-12
Last Updated: 2019-09-12
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites with a 15-carbon skeleton consisting of two phenyl rings (A and B) and one heterocyclic ring (C) involved in UV filtration, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and floral pigmentation. They may also act as chemical messengers, physiological regulators, and cell cycle inhibitors . Flavonoid biosynthesis, by which products from phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (e.g. cinnamoyl-CoA and coumaroyl-CoA) form many different flavonoid products, occurs primarily in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum. For simplicity, endoplasmic-reticulum-associated enzymes are coloured dark green in the pathway diagram. Further modifications to anthocyanins take place in the chloroplast. The majority of flavonoid derivatives are created from a common set of enzymes that form a flavonoid scaffold. Following the conversion of coumaroyl-CoA into the flavan-3-ol epiafzelechin as an example, the first reaction is catalyzed by chalcone synthase (CHS) in which coumaroyl-CoA is converted into chalconaringenin (naringenin chalcone). Second, chalcone isomerase (CHI) converts chalconaringenin into naringenin (a flavanone). Third, flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), catalyzes the conversion of naringenin into aromadendrin (dihydrokaempferol). Fourth, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFRA) converts aromadendrin into leucopelargonidin (a leucoanthocyanidin). Fifth, leucocyanidin oxygenase (LDOX) catalyzes the conversion of leucopelargonidin into pelargonidin (an anthocyanin). After transport into the chloroplast, pelargonidin is converted into epiafzelechin (a flavan-3-ol) by anthocyanidin reductase (ANR).
References
Flavonoid Biosynthesis References
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Pubmed: 3386631
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Pubmed: 8528278
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Pubmed: 11018155
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