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Pathway Description
Phaseic Acid Biosynthesis
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-02-22
Last Updated: 2019-09-12
Phaseic acid biosynthesis is a pathway that begins in the chloroplast and ends in the cytosol by which violaxanthin becomes phaseic acid (PA) and its derivative dihydrophaseic acid (DPA), synthesizing abscisic acid in the process. PA and DPA are inactive forms of abscisic acid whose synthesis provides a mechanism for controlling abscisic acid concentration. First, neoxanthin synthase catalyzes the opening of the violaxanthin epoxide ring to form neoxanthin. Second, a yet unidentified neoxanthin isomerase is theorized to isomerize neoxanthin to 9'-cis-neoxanthin. Third, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) uses oxygen to cleave 9'-cis-neoxanthin to form xanthoxin and C25-allenic-apo-aldehyde. This enzyme requires Fe2+ as a cofactor. Next, a xanthoxin transporter is theorized to export xanthoxin from the chloroplast into the cytosol to continue abscisic acid biosynthesis, but it has yet to be discovered. Fourth, xanthoxin dehydrogenase, located in the cytosol, catalyzes the conversion of xanthoxin and NAD to abscisic aldehyde, NADH, and a proton with the help of a molybdenum cofactor (MoCo). Fifth, abscisic-aldehyde oxidase converts abscisic aldehyde, water, and oxygen into hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen ion, and abscisic acid. Sixth, abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase / abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase uses NADPH, oxygen, and a proton to convert abscisic acid into 8'-hydroxyabscisate and water. Seventh, 8'-hydroxyabscisate spontaneously becomes phaseic acid. Eighth, the predicted enzyme phaseic acid reductase (coloured orange in the image) is theorized to catalyze the conversion of phaseic acid into dihydroxyphaseic acid.
References
Phaseic Acid Biosynthesis References
Nambara E, Marion-Poll A: Abscisic acid biosynthesis and catabolism. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2005;56:165-85. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144046.
Pubmed: 15862093
Finkelstein R: Abscisic Acid synthesis and response. Arabidopsis Book. 2013 Nov 1;11:e0166. doi: 10.1199/tab.0166. eCollection 2013.
Pubmed: 24273463
Bouvier F, D'harlingue A, Backhaus RA, Kumagai MH, Camara B: Identification of neoxanthin synthase as a carotenoid cyclase paralog. Eur J Biochem. 2000 Nov;267(21):6346-52. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01722.x.
Pubmed: 11029576
Ronen G, Carmel-Goren L, Zamir D, Hirschberg J: An alternative pathway to beta -carotene formation in plant chromoplasts discovered by map-based cloning of beta and old-gold color mutations in tomato. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Sep 26;97(20):11102-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.190177497.
Pubmed: 10995464
The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution. Nature. 2012 May 30;485(7400):635-41. doi: 10.1038/nature11119.
Pubmed: 22660326
Lefebvre V, North H, Frey A, Sotta B, Seo M, Okamoto M, Nambara E, Marion-Poll A: Functional analysis of Arabidopsis NCED6 and NCED9 genes indicates that ABA synthesized in the endosperm is involved in the induction of seed dormancy. Plant J. 2006 Feb;45(3):309-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02622.x.
Pubmed: 16412079
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Pubmed: 11130712
Cheng CY, Krishnakumar V, Chan AP, Thibaud-Nissen F, Schobel S, Town CD: Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome. Plant J. 2017 Feb;89(4):789-804. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13415. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Pubmed: 27862469
Gonzalez-Guzman M, Apostolova N, Belles JM, Barrero JM, Piqueras P, Ponce MR, Micol JL, Serrano R, Rodriguez PL: The short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase ABA2 catalyzes the conversion of xanthoxin to abscisic aldehyde. Plant Cell. 2002 Aug;14(8):1833-46. doi: 10.1105/tpc.002477.
Pubmed: 12172025
Koiwai H, Nakaminami K, Seo M, Mitsuhashi W, Toyomasu T, Koshiba T: Tissue-specific localization of an abscisic acid biosynthetic enzyme, AAO3, in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2004 Apr;134(4):1697-707. doi: 10.1104/pp.103.036970. Epub 2004 Apr 2.
Pubmed: 15064376
Seo M, Peeters AJ, Koiwai H, Oritani T, Marion-Poll A, Zeevaart JA, Koornneef M, Kamiya Y, Koshiba T: The Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase 3 (AAO3) gene product catalyzes the final step in abscisic acid biosynthesis in leaves. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Nov 7;97(23):12908-13. doi: 10.1073/pnas.220426197.
Pubmed: 11050171
Seo M, Aoki H, Koiwai H, Kamiya Y, Nambara E, Koshiba T: Comparative studies on the Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase (AAO) gene family revealed a major role of AAO3 in ABA biosynthesis in seeds. Plant Cell Physiol. 2004 Nov;45(11):1694-703. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pch198.
Pubmed: 15574845
Okamoto M, Kuwahara A, Seo M, Kushiro T, Asami T, Hirai N, Kamiya Y, Koshiba T, Nambara E: CYP707A1 and CYP707A2, which encode abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylases, are indispensable for proper control of seed dormancy and germination in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2006 May;141(1):97-107. doi: 10.1104/pp.106.079475. Epub 2006 Mar 16.
Pubmed: 16543410
Saito S, Hirai N, Matsumoto C, Ohigashi H, Ohta D, Sakata K, Mizutani M: Arabidopsis CYP707As encode (+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, a key enzyme in the oxidative catabolism of abscisic acid. Plant Physiol. 2004 Apr;134(4):1439-49. doi: 10.1104/pp.103.037614. Epub 2004 Apr 2.
Pubmed: 15064374
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Pubmed: 10617198
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