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Pathway Description
Zeaxanthin Biosynthesis
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-02-23
Last Updated: 2025-02-08
Zeaxanthin biosynthesis is a pathway that occurs in the chloroplast by which lycopene becomes zeaxanthin, one of the most common carotenoid alcohols found in nature . The first two reactions are catalyzed by lycopene beta cyclase which uses NAD(P)H as a cofactor to convert lycopene into gamma-carotene and gamma-carotene into beta-carotene. The last two reactions are catalyzed by beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase which uses ferredoxin and Fe2+ as cofactors to convert beta-carotene into beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin into zeaxanthin.
References
Zeaxanthin Biosynthesis References
Cunningham FX Jr, Pogson B, Sun Z, McDonald KA, DellaPenna D, Gantt E: Functional analysis of the beta and epsilon lycopene cyclase enzymes of Arabidopsis reveals a mechanism for control of cyclic carotenoid formation. Plant Cell. 1996 Sep;8(9):1613-26. doi: 10.1105/tpc.8.9.1613.
Pubmed: 8837512
Sun Z, Gantt E, Cunningham FX Jr: Cloning and functional analysis of the beta-carotene hydroxylase of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 1996 Oct 4;271(40):24349-52.
Pubmed: 8798688
Salanoubat M, Lemcke K, Rieger M, Ansorge W, Unseld M, Fartmann B, Valle G, Blocker H, Perez-Alonso M, Obermaier B, Delseny M, Boutry M, Grivell LA, Mache R, Puigdomenech P, De Simone V, Choisne N, Artiguenave F, Robert C, Brottier P, Wincker P, Cattolico L, Weissenbach J, Saurin W, Quetier F, Schafer M, Muller-Auer S, Gabel C, Fuchs M, Benes V, Wurmbach E, Drzonek H, Erfle H, Jordan N, Bangert S, Wiedelmann R, Kranz H, Voss H, Holland R, Brandt P, Nyakatura G, Vezzi A, D'Angelo M, Pallavicini A, Toppo S, Simionati B, Conrad A, Hornischer K, Kauer G, Lohnert TH, Nordsiek G, Reichelt J, Scharfe M, Schon O, Bargues M, Terol J, Climent J, Navarro P, Collado C, Perez-Perez A, Ottenwalder B, Duchemin D, Cooke R, Laudie M, Berger-Llauro C, Purnelle B, Masuy D, de Haan M, Maarse AC, Alcaraz JP, Cottet A, Casacuberta E, Monfort A, Argiriou A, flores M, Liguori R, Vitale D, Mannhaupt G, Haase D, Schoof H, Rudd S, Zaccaria P, Mewes HW, Mayer KF, Kaul S, Town CD, Koo HL, Tallon LJ, Jenkins J, Rooney T, Rizzo M, Walts A, Utterback T, Fujii CY, Shea TP, Creasy TH, Haas B, Maiti R, Wu D, Peterson J, Van Aken S, Pai G, Militscher J, Sellers P, Gill JE, Feldblyum TV, Preuss D, Lin X, Nierman WC, Salzberg SL, White O, Venter JC, Fraser CM, Kaneko T, Nakamura Y, Sato S, Kato T, Asamizu E, Sasamoto S, Kimura T, Idesawa K, Kawashima K, Kishida Y, Kiyokawa C, Kohara M, Matsumoto M, Matsuno A, Muraki A, Nakayama S, Nakazaki N, Shinpo S, Takeuchi C, Wada T, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Yasuda M, Tabata S: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 3 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):820-2. doi: 10.1038/35048706.
Pubmed: 11130713
Cheng CY, Krishnakumar V, Chan AP, Thibaud-Nissen F, Schobel S, Town CD: Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome. Plant J. 2017 Feb;89(4):789-804. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13415. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Pubmed: 27862469
Mayer K, Schuller C, Wambutt R, Murphy G, Volckaert G, Pohl T, Dusterhoft A, Stiekema W, Entian KD, Terryn N, Harris B, Ansorge W, Brandt P, Grivell L, Rieger M, Weichselgartner M, de Simone V, Obermaier B, Mache R, Muller M, Kreis M, Delseny M, Puigdomenech P, Watson M, Schmidtheini T, Reichert B, Portatelle D, Perez-Alonso M, Boutry M, Bancroft I, Vos P, Hoheisel J, Zimmermann W, Wedler H, Ridley P, Langham SA, McCullagh B, Bilham L, Robben J, Van der Schueren J, Grymonprez B, Chuang YJ, Vandenbussche F, Braeken M, Weltjens I, Voet M, Bastiaens I, Aert R, Defoor E, Weitzenegger T, Bothe G, Ramsperger U, Hilbert H, Braun M, Holzer E, Brandt A, Peters S, van Staveren M, Dirske W, Mooijman P, Klein Lankhorst R, Rose M, Hauf J, Kotter P, Berneiser S, Hempel S, Feldpausch M, Lamberth S, Van den Daele H, De Keyser A, Buysshaert C, Gielen J, Villarroel R, De Clercq R, Van Montagu M, Rogers J, Cronin A, Quail M, Bray-Allen S, Clark L, Doggett J, Hall S, Kay M, Lennard N, McLay K, Mayes R, Pettett A, Rajandream MA, Lyne M, Benes V, Rechmann S, Borkova D, Blocker H, Scharfe M, Grimm M, Lohnert TH, Dose S, de Haan M, Maarse A, Schafer M, Muller-Auer S, Gabel C, Fuchs M, Fartmann B, Granderath K, Dauner D, Herzl A, Neumann S, Argiriou A, Vitale D, Liguori R, Piravandi E, Massenet O, Quigley F, Clabauld G, Mundlein A, Felber R, Schnabl S, Hiller R, Schmidt W, Lecharny A, Aubourg S, Chefdor F, Cooke R, Berger C, Montfort A, Casacuberta E, Gibbons T, Weber N, Vandenbol M, Bargues M, Terol J, Torres A, Perez-Perez A, Purnelle B, Bent E, Johnson S, Tacon D, Jesse T, Heijnen L, Schwarz S, Scholler P, Heber S, Francs P, Bielke C, Frishman D, Haase D, Lemcke K, Mewes HW, Stocker S, Zaccaria P, Bevan M, Wilson RK, de la Bastide M, Habermann K, Parnell L, Dedhia N, Gnoj L, Schutz K, Huang E, Spiegel L, Sehkon M, Murray J, Sheet P, Cordes M, Abu-Threideh J, Stoneking T, Kalicki J, Graves T, Harmon G, Edwards J, Latreille P, Courtney L, Cloud J, Abbott A, Scott K, Johnson D, Minx P, Bentley D, Fulton B, Miller N, Greco T, Kemp K, Kramer J, Fulton L, Mardis E, Dante M, Pepin K, Hillier L, Nelson J, Spieth J, Ryan E, Andrews S, Geisel C, Layman D, Du H, Ali J, Berghoff A, Jones K, Drone K, Cotton M, Joshu C, Antonoiu B, Zidanic M, Strong C, Sun H, Lamar B, Yordan C, Ma P, Zhong J, Preston R, Vil D, Shekher M, Matero A, Shah R, Swaby IK, O'Shaughnessy A, Rodriguez M, Hoffmann J, Till S, Granat S, Shohdy N, Hasegawa A, Hameed A, Lodhi M, Johnson A, Chen E, Marra M, Martienssen R, McCombie WR: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 4 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 1999 Dec 16;402(6763):769-77. doi: 10.1038/47134.
Pubmed: 10617198
Yamada K, Lim J, Dale JM, Chen H, Shinn P, Palm CJ, Southwick AM, Wu HC, Kim C, Nguyen M, Pham P, Cheuk R, Karlin-Newmann G, Liu SX, Lam B, Sakano H, Wu T, Yu G, Miranda M, Quach HL, Tripp M, Chang CH, Lee JM, Toriumi M, Chan MM, Tang CC, Onodera CS, Deng JM, Akiyama K, Ansari Y, Arakawa T, Banh J, Banno F, Bowser L, Brooks S, Carninci P, Chao Q, Choy N, Enju A, Goldsmith AD, Gurjal M, Hansen NF, Hayashizaki Y, Johnson-Hopson C, Hsuan VW, Iida K, Karnes M, Khan S, Koesema E, Ishida J, Jiang PX, Jones T, Kawai J, Kamiya A, Meyers C, Nakajima M, Narusaka M, Seki M, Sakurai T, Satou M, Tamse R, Vaysberg M, Wallender EK, Wong C, Yamamura Y, Yuan S, Shinozaki K, Davis RW, Theologis A, Ecker JR: Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis genome. Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):842-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1088305.
Pubmed: 14593172
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