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Pathway Description
Chlorophyll a Degradation I
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-02-24
Last Updated: 2025-01-25
Chlorophyll a degradation is the process in leaf senescence and fruit ripening observable due to its characteristic loss of green colouring. There are two pathways for chlorophyll a degradation. This first pathway, largely occurring in the chloroplast, is hypothesized to be operational during fruit senescence and as an immune respone. First, chlorophyllase catalyzes the conversion of chlorophyll a into chlorophyllide a and phytol. Second, the predicted enzyme magnesium dechelatase (coloured orange in the image) is theorized to release Mg2+ from chlorophyllide to form pheophorbide a. Pheophorbide a has two fates. Either it is transported out of the chloroplast by a predicted pheophorbide a transporter and converted into pyropheophorbide a by the probable pheophorbidase enzyme (coloured orange in the image) or it it continues on to eventually become a primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite. Continuing along the main branch, pheophorbide a oxygenase, localized to the chloroplast membrane (coloured dark green in the image), catalyzes the conversion of pheophorbide into epoxypheophorbide a. Next, epoxypheophorbide and water spontaneously converts into red chlorophyll catabolite. Last, red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCCR) converts red chlorophyll catabolite into primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite.
References
Chlorophyll a Degradation I References
Hortensteiner S: Chlorophyll degradation during senescence. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2006;57:55-77. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105212.
Pubmed: 16669755
Wuthrich KL, Bovet L, Hunziker PE, Donnison IS, Hortensteiner S: Molecular cloning, functional expression and characterisation of RCC reductase involved in chlorophyll catabolism. Plant J. 2000 Jan;21(2):189-98.
Pubmed: 10743659
Pruzinska A, Tanner G, Anders I, Roca M, Hortensteiner S: Chlorophyll breakdown: pheophorbide a oxygenase is a Rieske-type iron-sulfur protein, encoded by the accelerated cell death 1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Dec 9;100(25):15259-64. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2036571100. Epub 2003 Dec 1.
Pubmed: 14657372
Tanaka R, Hirashima M, Satoh S, Tanaka A: The Arabidopsis-accelerated cell death gene ACD1 is involved in oxygenation of pheophorbide a: inhibition of the pheophorbide a oxygenase activity does not lead to the "stay-green" phenotype in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol. 2003 Dec;44(12):1266-74. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcg172.
Pubmed: 14701922
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Pubmed: 9094711
Mach JM, Castillo AR, Hoogstraten R, Greenberg JT: The Arabidopsis-accelerated cell death gene ACD2 encodes red chlorophyll catabolite reductase and suppresses the spread of disease symptoms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jan 16;98(2):771-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.021465298. Epub 2001 Jan 9.
Pubmed: 11149948
Sugishima M, Kitamori Y, Noguchi M, Kohchi T, Fukuyama K: Crystal structure of red chlorophyll catabolite reductase: enlargement of the ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductase family. J Mol Biol. 2009 Jun 5;389(2):376-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.04.017. Epub 2009 Apr 15.
Pubmed: 19374909
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Pubmed: 9501136
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Pubmed: 27862469
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Pubmed: 9461215
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Pubmed: 10617198
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