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Pathway Description
Galactolipid Biosynthesis
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-02-24
Last Updated: 2025-02-08
Galactolipids are a type of glycolipid whose sugar group is galactose. They are the main part of plant photosynthetic membrane lipids where they substitute phospholipids to conserve phosphate for other essential processes . Their synthesis is localized to the chloroplast membranes (membrane-associated enzymes are coloured dark green in the image). First, UDP-galactose:DAG galactosyltransferase catalyzes the conversion of a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol into a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol. This compound has two different fates. The first subpathway consists of a single reaction catalyzed by UDP-galactose:MGDG galactosyltransferase whereby 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol is converted into an alpha,beta-digalactosyldiacylglycerol. This enzyme requires a magesium ion as a cofactor. The second pathway consists of three successive reactions catalyzed by the same enzyme. Galactolipid:galactolipid galactosyltransferase uses a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol to first convert another 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol into a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1→6)-beta-D-galactosyl]-sn-glycerol then into a trigalactosyldiacylglycerol and finally into a tetragalactosyldiacylglycerol.
References
Galactolipid Biosynthesis References
Dormann P, Balbo I, Benning C: Arabidopsis galactolipid biosynthesis and lipid trafficking mediated by DGD1. Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2181-4.
Pubmed: 10381884
Kelly AA, Froehlich JE, Dormann P: Disruption of the two digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase genes DGD1 and DGD2 in Arabidopsis reveals the existence of an additional enzyme of galactolipid synthesis. Plant Cell. 2003 Nov;15(11):2694-706. doi: 10.1105/tpc016675.
Pubmed: 14600212
Jarvis P, Dormann P, Peto CA, Lutes J, Benning C, Chory J: Galactolipid deficiency and abnormal chloroplast development in the Arabidopsis MGD synthase 1 mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jul 5;97(14):8175-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.100132197.
Pubmed: 10869420
Awai K, Marechal E, Block MA, Brun D, Masuda T, Shimada H, Takamiya K, Ohta H, Joyard J: Two types of MGDG synthase genes, found widely in both 16:3 and 18:3 plants, differentially mediate galactolipid syntheses in photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic tissues in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Sep 11;98(19):10960-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.181331498.
Pubmed: 11553816
Lao J, Oikawa A, Bromley JR, McInerney P, Suttangkakul A, Smith-Moritz AM, Plahar H, Chiu TY, Gonzalez Fernandez-Nino SM, Ebert B, Yang F, Christiansen KM, Hansen SF, Stonebloom S, Adams PD, Ronald PC, Hillson NJ, Hadi MZ, Vega-Sanchez ME, Loque D, Scheller HV, Heazlewood JL: The plant glycosyltransferase clone collection for functional genomics. Plant J. 2014 Aug;79(3):517-29. doi: 10.1111/tpj.12577. Epub 2014 Jul 9.
Pubmed: 24905498
Dormann P, Balbo I, Benning C: Arabidopsis galactolipid biosynthesis and lipid trafficking mediated by DGD1. Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2181-4. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5423.2181.
Pubmed: 10381884
Froehlich JE, Benning C, Dormann P: The digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) synthase DGD1 is inserted into the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts in a manner independent of the general import pathway and does not depend on direct interaction with monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase for DGDG biosynthesis. J Biol Chem. 2001 Aug 24;276(34):31806-12. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M104652200. Epub 2001 Jun 27.
Pubmed: 11429410
Kelly AA, Froehlich JE, Dormann P: Disruption of the two digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase genes DGD1 and DGD2 in Arabidopsis reveals the existence of an additional enzyme of galactolipid synthesis. Plant Cell. 2003 Nov;15(11):2694-706. doi: 10.1105/tpc.016675.
Pubmed: 14600212
Thorlby G, Fourrier N, Warren G: The SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 gene, required for freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana, encodes a beta-glucosidase. Plant Cell. 2004 Aug;16(8):2192-203. doi: 10.1105/tpc.104.024018. Epub 2004 Jul 16.
Pubmed: 15258268
Salanoubat M, Lemcke K, Rieger M, Ansorge W, Unseld M, Fartmann B, Valle G, Blocker H, Perez-Alonso M, Obermaier B, Delseny M, Boutry M, Grivell LA, Mache R, Puigdomenech P, De Simone V, Choisne N, Artiguenave F, Robert C, Brottier P, Wincker P, Cattolico L, Weissenbach J, Saurin W, Quetier F, Schafer M, Muller-Auer S, Gabel C, Fuchs M, Benes V, Wurmbach E, Drzonek H, Erfle H, Jordan N, Bangert S, Wiedelmann R, Kranz H, Voss H, Holland R, Brandt P, Nyakatura G, Vezzi A, D'Angelo M, Pallavicini A, Toppo S, Simionati B, Conrad A, Hornischer K, Kauer G, Lohnert TH, Nordsiek G, Reichelt J, Scharfe M, Schon O, Bargues M, Terol J, Climent J, Navarro P, Collado C, Perez-Perez A, Ottenwalder B, Duchemin D, Cooke R, Laudie M, Berger-Llauro C, Purnelle B, Masuy D, de Haan M, Maarse AC, Alcaraz JP, Cottet A, Casacuberta E, Monfort A, Argiriou A, flores M, Liguori R, Vitale D, Mannhaupt G, Haase D, Schoof H, Rudd S, Zaccaria P, Mewes HW, Mayer KF, Kaul S, Town CD, Koo HL, Tallon LJ, Jenkins J, Rooney T, Rizzo M, Walts A, Utterback T, Fujii CY, Shea TP, Creasy TH, Haas B, Maiti R, Wu D, Peterson J, Van Aken S, Pai G, Militscher J, Sellers P, Gill JE, Feldblyum TV, Preuss D, Lin X, Nierman WC, Salzberg SL, White O, Venter JC, Fraser CM, Kaneko T, Nakamura Y, Sato S, Kato T, Asamizu E, Sasamoto S, Kimura T, Idesawa K, Kawashima K, Kishida Y, Kiyokawa C, Kohara M, Matsumoto M, Matsuno A, Muraki A, Nakayama S, Nakazaki N, Shinpo S, Takeuchi C, Wada T, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Yasuda M, Tabata S: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 3 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):820-2. doi: 10.1038/35048706.
Pubmed: 11130713
Cheng CY, Krishnakumar V, Chan AP, Thibaud-Nissen F, Schobel S, Town CD: Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome. Plant J. 2017 Feb;89(4):789-804. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13415. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Pubmed: 27862469
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