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Pathway Description
cis-Zeatin-N-Glucoside Biosynthesis
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-02-25
Last Updated: 2019-09-12
Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (phytohormones) that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. They are involved primarily in cell growth and differentiation, but also affect apical dominance, axillary bud growth, and leaf senescence. Zeatin is an adenine-type cytokinin . The synthesis of cis-type cytokinins is carried out in the cytosol through prenylation of tRNA molecules and dimethylallyl diphosphate precursors provided through the mevalonate pathway. Hormonal homeostasis is thought to be maintained by glucosylation that inactivates cytokinins. N-glucosylation is irreversible and is hypothesized to be involved with detoxification. Only the enzymes that catalyze the first and last steps of this pathway have been elucidated (all predicted enzymes are coloured orange in the image). First, tRNA dimethylallyltransferase transfers a dimethylallyl group onto the adenine at position 37 in tRNAs that have uridine-starting codons. It requires a magnesium ion as a cofactor. Second, the predicted enzyme cis-Hydroxy-prenyl-tRNA catalyzes a reaction whereby N6-dimethylallyladenosine37 in tRNA is converted into cis-hydroxy-prenyl-tRNA. Third, the predicted enzyme cZRMP synthase catalyzes a reaction whereby cis-hydroxy-prenyl-tRNA is converted into cis-zeatin riboside monophosphate (cZRMP). Fourth, the predicted enzyme cis-Zeatin riboside synthase catalyzes a reaction whereby cis-zeatin riboside monophosphate (cZRMP) is converted into cis-zeatin riboside. Fifth, the predicted enzyme cis-Zeatin synthase catalyzes whereby cis-zeatin riboside is converted into cis-zeatin. Sixth, cytokinin UDP glycosyltransferase catalyzes the two different reactions whereby cis-zeatin is converted into either cis-zeatin-9-N-glucoside or cis-zeatin-7-N-glucoside.
References
cis-Zeatin-N-Glucoside Biosynthesis References
Golovko A, Sitbon F, Tillberg E, Nicander B: Identification of a tRNA isopentenyltransferase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol. 2002 May;49(2):161-9.
Pubmed: 11999372
Kasahara H, Takei K, Ueda N, Hishiyama S, Yamaya T, Kamiya Y, Yamaguchi S, Sakakibara H: Distinct isoprenoid origins of cis- and trans-zeatin biosyntheses in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 2;279(14):14049-54. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M314195200. Epub 2004 Jan 15.
Pubmed: 14726522
Hou B, Lim EK, Higgins GS, Bowles DJ: N-glucosylation of cytokinins by glycosyltransferases of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 2004 Nov 12;279(46):47822-32. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M409569200. Epub 2004 Sep 1.
Pubmed: 15342621
Takei K, Sakakibara H, Sugiyama T: Identification of genes encoding adenylate isopentenyltransferase, a cytokinin biosynthesis enzyme, in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jul 13;276(28):26405-10. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M102130200. Epub 2001 Apr 19.
Pubmed: 11313355
Golovko A, Sitbon F, Tillberg E, Nicander B: Identification of a tRNA isopentenyltransferase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol. 2002 May;49(2):161-9. doi: 10.1023/a:1014958816241.
Pubmed: 11999372
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Pubmed: 10617197
Kaneko T, Katoh T, Sato S, Nakamura Y, Asamizu E, Kotani H, Miyajima N, Tabata S: Structural analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 5. IX. Sequence features of the regions of 1,011,550 bp covered by seventeen P1 and TAC clones. DNA Res. 1999 Jun 30;6(3):183-95. doi: 10.1093/dnares/6.3.183.
Pubmed: 10470850
Cheng CY, Krishnakumar V, Chan AP, Thibaud-Nissen F, Schobel S, Town CD: Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome. Plant J. 2017 Feb;89(4):789-804. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13415. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Pubmed: 27862469
Yamada K, Lim J, Dale JM, Chen H, Shinn P, Palm CJ, Southwick AM, Wu HC, Kim C, Nguyen M, Pham P, Cheuk R, Karlin-Newmann G, Liu SX, Lam B, Sakano H, Wu T, Yu G, Miranda M, Quach HL, Tripp M, Chang CH, Lee JM, Toriumi M, Chan MM, Tang CC, Onodera CS, Deng JM, Akiyama K, Ansari Y, Arakawa T, Banh J, Banno F, Bowser L, Brooks S, Carninci P, Chao Q, Choy N, Enju A, Goldsmith AD, Gurjal M, Hansen NF, Hayashizaki Y, Johnson-Hopson C, Hsuan VW, Iida K, Karnes M, Khan S, Koesema E, Ishida J, Jiang PX, Jones T, Kawai J, Kamiya A, Meyers C, Nakajima M, Narusaka M, Seki M, Sakurai T, Satou M, Tamse R, Vaysberg M, Wallender EK, Wong C, Yamamura Y, Yuan S, Shinozaki K, Davis RW, Theologis A, Ecker JR: Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis genome. Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):842-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1088305.
Pubmed: 14593172
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