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Pathway Description
Gibberellin A12 Biosynthesis
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-03-02
Last Updated: 2019-09-12
Gibberellins (GAs) are a large class of tetracyclic diterpenoid plant hormones that regulate numerous growth and developmental processes, such as seed germination, organ elongation, and flowering induction. All known gibberellins share an ent-gibberellane skeleton and follow the same synthesis pathway. Biosynthesis begins in the plasmids via the terpenoid pathway and finishes in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol where they undergo modification until a biologically-active form is reached (GA1, GA3, GA4, or GA7). Gibberellins are named in the order that they are discovered (GA1 through GAn). Serving as a branch point, the first true gibberellin GA12 is used to synthesize the full range of gibberellins by undergoing a multitude of oxidations and cyclizations. Gibberellin A12 biosynthesis, beginning at the chloroplast outer membrane and finishing at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, comprises of six oxidation steps catalyzed by two membrane-associated multifunctional enzymes of the cytochrome P450 family: ent-kaurene oxidase and ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase. ent-Kaurene oxidase converts ent-kaurene into ent-kaurenoate via three successive oxidations of the 4-methyl group. ent-Kaurenoate oxidase converts ent-kaurenoate into gibberellin A12 via three successive oxidations at carbon positions C-7 and C-6 in gibberellin A12 biosynthesis.
References
Gibberellin A12 Biosynthesis References
Yamaguchi S: Gibberellin metabolism and its regulation. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2008;59:225-51. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092804.
Pubmed: 18173378
Morrone D, Chen X, Coates RM, Peters RJ: Characterization of the kaurene oxidase CYP701A3, a multifunctional cytochrome P450 from gibberellin biosynthesis. Biochem J. 2010 Nov 1;431(3):337-44. doi: 10.1042/BJ20100597.
Pubmed: 20698828
Helliwell CA, Sheldon CC, Olive MR, Walker AR, Zeevaart JA, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES: Cloning of the Arabidopsis ent-kaurene oxidase gene GA3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jul 21;95(15):9019-24. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.15.9019.
Pubmed: 9671797
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Pubmed: 11130714
Cheng CY, Krishnakumar V, Chan AP, Thibaud-Nissen F, Schobel S, Town CD: Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome. Plant J. 2017 Feb;89(4):789-804. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13415. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Pubmed: 27862469
Helliwell CA, Chandler PM, Poole A, Dennis ES, Peacock WJ: The CYP88A cytochrome P450, ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase, catalyzes three steps of the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Feb 13;98(4):2065-70. doi: 10.1073/pnas.041588998. Epub 2001 Feb 6.
Pubmed: 11172076
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Pubmed: 11130712
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