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Pathway Description
Photosynthesis
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-03-29
Last Updated: 2025-01-23
Photosynthesis involves the transfer and harvesting of energy from sunlight and the fixation of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. This process occurs in higher plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana. Oxygenic photosynthesis requires water, which acts as an electron donor molecule. The reactions which involve the trapping of sunlight are known as "light reactions", and result in the production of NADPH, adenosine triphosphate, and molecular oxygen. The "dark reactions" are known as the Calvin cycle, and involve the use of the products of the light reactions to fix carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrates. Photosynthesis begins with photosystem II, located in the thylakoid membrane within chloroplasts, which captures light energy to transfer electrons from water to plastoquinone. This process generates oxygen as well as a proton gradient used to synthesize ATP. The D1/D2 (psbA/psbD) reaction center heterodimer binds P680, the primary electron donor of PSII as well as several subsequent electron acceptors. Next, the cytochrome b6-f complex mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI). Plastoquinol shuttles electrons from PSII to cytochrome b6-f complex. Plastocyanin shuttles electrons from cytochrome b6-f complex to PSI. Photosystem I is a plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase which uses light energy to transfer an electron from the donor P700 chlorophyll pair to the electron acceptors A0, A1, FX, FA and FB in turn. The function of PSI is to produce the NADPH necessary for the reduction of CO2 in the Calvin-Benson cycle. Finally, the proton gradient allows ATPase to synthesize ATP from ADP. The light-independent Calvin-Benson cycle consist of nine reactions that take place in the chloroplast stroma. Beginning with the enzyme RuBisCO, D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate is converted into 3-phosphoglyceric acid. It requires magnesium ion as a cofactor. Next, chloroplastic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate into D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Then triose-phosphate isomerase catalyzes the conversion of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Next, the enzyme fructose-bisphosphate aldolase catalyzes the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Then fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase catalyzes the conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into fructose-6-phosphate. It requires magnesium ion as a cofactor. Next, transketolase catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate into xylulose 5-phosphate. It requires a divalent metal cation and thiamine diphosphate as cofactors. Then the enzyme ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase is catalyzes the interconverson of xylulose 5-phosphate and D-ribulose 5-phosphate. Lastly, phosphoribulokinase catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose 5-phosphate to regenerate D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. An alternative pathway intersects the Calvin-Benson cycle providing another route to synthesize D-ribulose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate, which both feed back into the main cycle, from dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This subpathway begins with the predicted enzyme sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate aldolase theorized to catalyze the converson of glycerone phosphate and D-erythrose 4-phosphate into sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate. Next, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase catalyzes the conversion of sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate into D-sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. Next, transketolase catalyzes the converson of D-sedoheptulose 7-phosphate into D-ribose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate (which feeds back into the main cycle). Lastly, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is the probable enzyme that catalyzes the interconverson of D-ribose 5-phosphate and D-ribulose 5-phosphate. D-ribulose 5-phosphate feeds back into the main cycle.
References
Photosynthesis References
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Pubmed: 10574454
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Pubmed: 9193094
Ferro M, Salvi D, Brugiere S, Miras S, Kowalski S, Louwagie M, Garin J, Joyard J, Rolland N: Proteomics of the chloroplast envelope membranes from Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003 May;2(5):325-45. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M300030-MCP200. Epub 2003 May 23.
Pubmed: 12766230
Yamada K, Lim J, Dale JM, Chen H, Shinn P, Palm CJ, Southwick AM, Wu HC, Kim C, Nguyen M, Pham P, Cheuk R, Karlin-Newmann G, Liu SX, Lam B, Sakano H, Wu T, Yu G, Miranda M, Quach HL, Tripp M, Chang CH, Lee JM, Toriumi M, Chan MM, Tang CC, Onodera CS, Deng JM, Akiyama K, Ansari Y, Arakawa T, Banh J, Banno F, Bowser L, Brooks S, Carninci P, Chao Q, Choy N, Enju A, Goldsmith AD, Gurjal M, Hansen NF, Hayashizaki Y, Johnson-Hopson C, Hsuan VW, Iida K, Karnes M, Khan S, Koesema E, Ishida J, Jiang PX, Jones T, Kawai J, Kamiya A, Meyers C, Nakajima M, Narusaka M, Seki M, Sakurai T, Satou M, Tamse R, Vaysberg M, Wallender EK, Wong C, Yamamura Y, Yuan S, Shinozaki K, Davis RW, Theologis A, Ecker JR: Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis genome. Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):842-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1088305.
Pubmed: 14593172
Sato S, Nakamura Y, Kaneko T, Katoh T, Asamizu E, Tabata S: Structural analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 3. I. Sequence features of the regions of 4,504,864 bp covered by sixty P1 and TAC clones. DNA Res. 2000 Apr 28;7(2):131-5. doi: 10.1093/dnares/7.2.131.
Pubmed: 10819329
Shih MC, Heinrich P, Goodman HM: Cloning and chromosomal mapping of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast and cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene. 1991 Aug 15;104(2):133-8. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90242-4.
Pubmed: 1916285
Shih MC, Heinrich P, Goodman HM: Cloning and chromosomal mapping of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast and cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene. 1992 Oct 1;119(2):317-9. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90290-6.
Pubmed: 1398114
Quigley F, Dao P, Cottet A, Mache R: Sequence analysis of an 81 kb contig from Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome III. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 Nov 1;24(21):4313-8. doi: 10.1093/nar/24.21.4313.
Pubmed: 8932388
Lin X, Kaul S, Rounsley S, Shea TP, Benito MI, Town CD, Fujii CY, Mason T, Bowman CL, Barnstead M, Feldblyum TV, Buell CR, Ketchum KA, Lee J, Ronning CM, Koo HL, Moffat KS, Cronin LA, Shen M, Pai G, Van Aken S, Umayam L, Tallon LJ, Gill JE, Adams MD, Carrera AJ, Creasy TH, Goodman HM, Somerville CR, Copenhaver GP, Preuss D, Nierman WC, White O, Eisen JA, Salzberg SL, Fraser CM, Venter JC: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 2 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 1999 Dec 16;402(6763):761-8. doi: 10.1038/45471.
Pubmed: 10617197
Salanoubat M, Lemcke K, Rieger M, Ansorge W, Unseld M, Fartmann B, Valle G, Blocker H, Perez-Alonso M, Obermaier B, Delseny M, Boutry M, Grivell LA, Mache R, Puigdomenech P, De Simone V, Choisne N, Artiguenave F, Robert C, Brottier P, Wincker P, Cattolico L, Weissenbach J, Saurin W, Quetier F, Schafer M, Muller-Auer S, Gabel C, Fuchs M, Benes V, Wurmbach E, Drzonek H, Erfle H, Jordan N, Bangert S, Wiedelmann R, Kranz H, Voss H, Holland R, Brandt P, Nyakatura G, Vezzi A, D'Angelo M, Pallavicini A, Toppo S, Simionati B, Conrad A, Hornischer K, Kauer G, Lohnert TH, Nordsiek G, Reichelt J, Scharfe M, Schon O, Bargues M, Terol J, Climent J, Navarro P, Collado C, Perez-Perez A, Ottenwalder B, Duchemin D, Cooke R, Laudie M, Berger-Llauro C, Purnelle B, Masuy D, de Haan M, Maarse AC, Alcaraz JP, Cottet A, Casacuberta E, Monfort A, Argiriou A, flores M, Liguori R, Vitale D, Mannhaupt G, Haase D, Schoof H, Rudd S, Zaccaria P, Mewes HW, Mayer KF, Kaul S, Town CD, Koo HL, Tallon LJ, Jenkins J, Rooney T, Rizzo M, Walts A, Utterback T, Fujii CY, Shea TP, Creasy TH, Haas B, Maiti R, Wu D, Peterson J, Van Aken S, Pai G, Militscher J, Sellers P, Gill JE, Feldblyum TV, Preuss D, Lin X, Nierman WC, Salzberg SL, White O, Venter JC, Fraser CM, Kaneko T, Nakamura Y, Sato S, Kato T, Asamizu E, Sasamoto S, Kimura T, Idesawa K, Kawashima K, Kishida Y, Kiyokawa C, Kohara M, Matsumoto M, Matsuno A, Muraki A, Nakayama S, Nakazaki N, Shinpo S, Takeuchi C, Wada T, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Yasuda M, Tabata S: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 3 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):820-2. doi: 10.1038/35048706.
Pubmed: 11130713
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Willingham NM, Lloyd JC, Raines CA: Molecular cloning of the Arabidopsis thaliana sedoheptulose-1,7-biphosphatase gene and expression studies in wheat and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol. 1994 Nov;26(4):1191-200. doi: 10.1007/bf00040699.
Pubmed: 7811976
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