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Pathway Description
Degradation of Superoxides
Drosophila melanogaster
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2018-08-10
Last Updated: 2019-08-30
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed by the normal metabolic process of oxygen. Examples are superoxide, oxygen ions and peroxides and can be of either organic or inorganic origin. ROS are highly reactive due to unpaired valence shell electrons, and can cause serious damage to cells and cell organelles. The environment also may cause ROS to form, from sources such as drought, air pollutants, UV light, cold temperatures, and external chemicals. An organic example of ROS being formed is during the beta oxidation of fatty acids, or photorespiration in photosynthetic organisms. Aerobic organisms who produce energy through the electron transport chain in mitochondria produce ROS as a byproduct. ROS damage commmonly includes DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, oxidation of amino acids in proteins, and oxidatively inactivating enzymes by oxidation of cofactors. Most aerobic organisms have adapted to this dangerous condition of life, and have a system of enzymes and scavenging free radicals. Enzymes such as are essential for defense against ROS, and include superoxide dismutases (SODs) and hydroperoxidase (CAT). Superoxide dismutases are the primary method of disposal of ROS, and convert superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide and water. Catalase attacks the hydrogen peroxide produced by SODs, and converts it into oxygen and water. In skin cells, 5,6 dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase in the melanosome membranes breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
References
Degradation of Superoxides References
Seto NO, Hayashi S, Tener GM: Drosophila Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase cDNA sequence. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Jul 10;15(13):5483. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.13.5483.
Pubmed: 3110743
Seto NO, Hayashi S, Tener GM: The sequence of the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase gene of Drosophila. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Dec 23;15(24):10601. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.24.10601.
Pubmed: 3122185
Seto NO, Hayashi S, Tener GM: Cloning, sequence analysis and chromosomal localization of the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Gene. 1989 Jan 30;75(1):85-92. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90385-5.
Pubmed: 2470654
Duttaroy A, Meidinger R, Kirby K, Carmichael S, Hilliker A, Phillips J: A manganese superoxide dismutase-encoding cDNA from Drosophila melanogaster. Gene. 1994 Jun 10;143(2):223-5. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90100-7.
Pubmed: 8206377
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Pubmed: 12537572
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Pubmed: 2362827
This pathway was propagated using PathWhiz -
Pon, A. et al. Pathways with PathWhiz (2015) Nucleic Acids Res. 43(Web Server issue): W552–W559.
Propagated from SMP0000468
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